Stephen Crane Essay Example For Students

Stephen Crane Essay Steven CraneSteven Crane : How his excellent setting and character description along with thephysical, emotional, and intellectual responses of people under extreme pressure and thebetrayal and guilt he shows for his characters helps the reader to better understand hisworks. Steven Crane is not one of the most liked authors in the world. He tends tobecome to engulfed in the scenery around the action that is taking place rather than theaction itself. Readers do not always follow and sometimes become lost in the sceneryinstead of the action. Details are very important for the readers because if the reader cannot see the same thing that the writer sees then the reader might lose interest in the story. We will write a custom essay on Stephen Crane specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Crane does not mean for this to happen. He is only trying to help the reader betterunderstand what is going on. In the story The Blue Hotel, and in his poem Do Not Weep, Maiden, for Waris Kind, Crane uses his excellent setting and character description along with the physical,emotional, and intellectual responses of people under extreme pressure and the betrayaland guilt he shows between the characters to help the reader better understand the story orpoem. Crane shows these characteristics in almost everything he writes. In The Blue Hotel, Crane does an excellent job of describing the setting to youin every way possible. For example in the beginning of the story The Blue Hotel, he saysthat the hotel was painted a light blue, a shade that is on the legs of a kind of heron,causing the bird to declare its position against any background. He does this type of depiction on every single thing he describes. Then in paragraph three he says A littleIrishman wore a heavy fur cap squeezed tightly down on his head. It caused his two redears to stick out stiffly, as if they were made of tin. All of that for a guy he just passedalong the street on the way to the hotel. In the end Crane even goes into an in depthdescription of the bitter cold snow outside. Why does he see that to be so important?Everybody knows that snow is cold. He strongly believes in very good details that is forsure. The setting is one of the most important elements of a literary work. If the settingdoes not catch your attention as a reader the n you are unable to get into the story. Thelocality has symbolic importance and could have been sketched without firsthandexperience. This means that you would not ever have had to have been where the storytakes place to understand what it looks like because of his excellent description of thesetting. Crane also does a good job of establishing his characters through one of his majorthemes. The physical, emotional, and intellectual responses of people under extremepressure. Crane shows this in his characters to help the reader better understand what thecharacter is going through. One example of this is when the Swede accuses Johnny ofcheating in a card game. This offends Johnny and his emotional and physical reaction is tochallenge the Swede to a fight. Each Crane shortstory is designed upon a single ironicincident, a crucial paradox, or an irony of opposition. Crane stories consist of that momentwhen the characters confront the inescapable impasse of their situation, they are caughtand boxed in by fate, and then nothing happens. That is what happens with the Swedeafter he whips Johnny in the fight. The Swede feels as if he is no longer wanted at thehotel since Johnnys father is the owner of the hotel. The Swede becomes boxed in aninescapable situation. Crane tends to show this in most all of his works. Crane must havefound himself in these situation many times himself. If not he thought that this was a goodway to captivate the readers attention. He did believe that the readers attention was anecessity in successful literary writing. .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc , .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .postImageUrl , .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc , .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:hover , .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:visited , .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:active { border:0!important; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:active , .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucf8d6e71dd3cf7a7b760749504eaabfc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drug and Alcohol Abuse EssayIt is believed that the fight in the story came from a fight Crane witnessed on histravel across the west. He tried to break the fight up that he witnessed instead ofencouraging it as everyone in the story does. Crane also shows his naturally used theme of betrayal and guilt through the Swede. He does this after the Swede leaves the hotel. The Swede goes into a bar and asks somegentlemen to drink with him to celebrate his victory over Johnny. When they refuse hebecome angry as if he is being betrayed by these men because they will not let him buythem a drink. The Swede then threatens one of the gentlemen and the man retaliates andends up killing the Swede. Without this betrayed feeling the Swede would have probablylived. This ,the blue hotel, could have been one of Cranes best works if it were not forthe puzzling ending, in which the Easterner offers a moral that baffles not only theCowboy , but the reader as well. He (the Easterner) does this by telling the Cowboy heseen Johnny cheating but never spoke up. If the Easterner would have spoken up soonerthe whole story would have changed drastically. In the poem Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War is Kind, Crane also shows thischaracteristic of betrayal. In the poem there is a wife, daughter, and a mother who feel asif they have been betrayed by their husband, father, and son for leaving them to fight fortheir country in war. The author tries to comfort them by telling them that everything willbe all right, for war is kind.Crane also uses his descriptive setting to help the reader see what it looks like inwar. For example in line eleven he says a field where a thousand corpses lie. In lineseight and nineteen he says these men were born to drill and die. You can just see themen running around everywhere. Screaming and hollering while their friends are dying allaround them. There is nothing they can do but pray they will make it out alive. Steven Crane is a very good writer and loves scenery. Although he does becometo involved in the scenery sometimes. For that reason some readers tend to draw awayfrom his work. Steven Crane does a good job establishing his common themes as well asthe scenery in both The Blue Hotel and Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War is Kind. Crane, Steven. Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War is Kind. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Editor. Edgar V. Roberts. NewJersey: Prentice Hall, 1998. 1039. Crane, Steven. The Blue Hotel. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Editor. Edgar V. Roberts. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1998.110 128. Narveson, Robert. (1969) Reprinted in Nineteenth Century Literary Criticism. Editor. Vottelec, Thomas. Detroit: Gale Research, 1991. Seven: 109Stallman, Robert Wooster. (1952) Reprinted in Nineteenth Century LiteraryCriticism. Editor. Vottelec, Thomas. Detroit: Gale Research, 1991. Seven :127

How to Write a Master#8217;s Research Paper

How to Write a Master#8217;s Research Paper Writing an essay for a Master’s research project is very structured. As a student, it helps to know the guidelines of your institution on how to write a good Masters research paper. Prepare! What is the nature and purpose of your research? The first tip is to create an outline; this can always be revised but will serve you well as a map to success. Your paper should start with an introduction to your research study, a statement of the problem. The introduction should include the background and significance of the study. Include the scope and limitations of the study so your reader will have this in mind as they review your work. Next, you will need to have a hypothesis and assumptions. A hypothesis is an estimated prediction or forecast, which has to be proven. Your assumptions will be based on observations and experience and should be related to the problem. However, with assumptions, you won’t need to prove them. Assumptions are just used to guide the reader through your work. You should next include a theoretical framework, this is related literature and studies that you undertook to prove your hypothesis and form the assumptions. Although many written works include a dictionary or glossary at the end of the piece, your next step in the research paper is to include a section on definition of terms and any variables that are used or related to your research. Since this is a research paper, you will document your research design and methods. Methods can be descriptive, experimental, or historical. You should have samples and show your sampling techniques. In a research, you typically need an instrument to find the samples usually it’s a questionnaire. You might even interview people, formally – informally, directive style, or very focused. You should be sure to include your observations and prove how reliable or valid your instrument was to your research. Finally, you write your presentation, analysis, and interpretation of your collected data. Did your hypothesis prove out correctly? If not, why? All results and discussions can be included in this section. To close up your research paper, you should have a summary, conclusion, and recommendations to anyone wishing to further your research. Don’t forget to include appendices as required by your institution or instructor.

Improving long term care for our nations Veterans Research Paper

Improving long term care for our nations Veterans - Research Paper Example This essay discusses that healthcare for military personnel, including veterans and active duty members spans a wide range of programs under the control and management of the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Department of Veteran Affairs. TRICARE is the primary health care program for active duty soldiers and veterans, including their families. This program covers three health coverage plans: the TRICARE Prime, TRICARE Extra, and the TRICARE Standard or CHAMPUS. The differences in these three plans mostly are in the eligibility, providers, and out-of-pocket costs. TRICARE for Life (TFL) covers Medicare-eligible military retirees and their family as well as their survivors. And in instances when both Medicare and RFL apply, Medicare takes precedence over TFL coverage. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) covers and delivers health care to the veterans as well as their families. It also manages the largest integrated health system which covers millions of inpatients and outpatie nts veterans based on a wide network of hospitals and interworking systems of clinics, rehabilitation programs, residential programs, and nursing homes (Kaiser). The veterans are usually assigned to eight levels of prioritization, based on their service-connected injuries, income, and on other similar factors. Based on these considerations, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs often determines if the budget for veteran healthcare is adequate to meet the needs of the veterans requiring care. (Kaiser). The VA is available to all veterans, especially those who are uninsured and who have low incomes (Military Handbooks, p. 4). Despite its availability, about 1.8

Report on photosynthesis lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On photosynthesis - Lab Report Example Classically the effects of temperature on photosynthetic rates follow a parabolic relationship, with rates being low at extremely low and high temperatures and high at moderate temperatures (Rabinowitch and Govindjee, 1969). Consequent to this relationship, plant growth and productivity is often limited by extremes of temperature, with either too low or high temperatures affecting the growth and productivity of plants (Rabinowitch and Govindjee, 1969; Govindjee, 1975). Obviously it appears that extremes of temperature could adversely affect the apparent photosynthetic rate of leaves. Further, while tissue respiration rates may remain unaltered under extreme temperatures, decrease in the photosynthetic rates can lead to a negative carbon balance in the plant (Hipkins, 1987). Under such conditions, the growth and productivity and consequently the adaptability of plants would be jeopardized. These arguments pre-suppose that plant species in nature have an optimum temperature at which th eir photosynthetic rates are maximized. Extreme temperatures either too low or too high depress the photosynthetic rates. In recent years, there has been renewed interest in evaluating plant responses to elevated temperature owing to the green house effect. In this paper we explicitly examine the hypothesis that within a limited range of temperatures, the photosynthetic rates of leaves would scale positively with temperature. We discuss the results in the light of existing knowledge on the role of temperature in influencing apparent photosynthetic rates in species and how such relation could have implications for plant growth and productivity. Materials and Methods Rationale of the experiment The experiments were performed on spinach leaf disks. Leaf disks contain spongy mesophyll layer of cells, which largely comprise of large air spaces. By depleting the air spaces under vacuum, the leaf disks sink in water. However, under sufficiently lighted conditions when the leaf disks photosynthesize, the air spaces are refilled with oxygen (a product of photosynthetic oxygen evolution) and tend to float again. The rate at which the leaf disks begin to float can be used as a surrogate measure of the photosynthetic rate of the leaf disks. Thus leaf disks that fail to float are those in which photosynthetic oxygen evolution has not occurred (and hence in which photosynthesis is absent). On the other hand and keeping everything else constant, it can be inferred that leaf disks that float slowly are those were the photosynthetic rates are relatively slow compared to disks that float rapidly. Preparation of leaf disks for incubation Leaf disks were made using a hole puncher. About 60 leaf disks were prepared from 2 or 3 fresh leaves of spinach at each effort. With the help of a surgical syringe, air was removed from the spongy tissue of the leaf disks by creating vacum and replaced with sodium bicarbonate solution (0.2 percent w/v). After this process, most of the disks sink to the bottom of the syringe, indicating that in these disks the air spaces were successfully evacuated and replaced with bicarbonate solution. Disks that remained afloat were discarded. The sunken disks were transferred to fresh sodium bicarbona

Geological Society of America Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Geological Society of America - Assignment Example The presence of these plates can be confirmed by the appearance of oceanic trenches when these plates sink beneath one another. These trenches can run for hundreds of miles. Another evidence of their existence and activity is the formation of ridges where these plates pull apart. Transform faults also form where the tectonic plates slide to opposite sides of each other (Eckel, 1982). The movement of plates was used to settle the debate on how the island arcs, both continental and oceanic, form. Island arcs form where oceanic and continental, oceanic or transitional plates sink beneath each other. The past decades saw the geoscience community reject research and theories on the formation of island arcs based on the tectonic plates. To add to this conflict, there was conflicting continent formation theories based on tectonic plates. One considered seafloor-spreading while the other was in favor of pieces of continents afloat dense oceanic

Evaluating The Spawning Techniques For Bivalves

Evaluating The Spawning Techniques For Bivalves Control of reproduction is a prerequisite in modern bivalves aquculture industries due to unreliable quantity and quality of natural spat as well as market demand on standardized products. Spawning is one critical step in bivalves hatchery, together with fertilization and larval rearing, thus a lot of research has been done to explore prospective methods and understand the process within. Various means in spawning techniques are presented herein, i.e. gamete stripping and spawning induction by chemical or physical stimulants. Where relevant, advantage and disadvantage of each technique are discussed and compared. Introduction Bivalves are aquatic animals belong to the phylum Mollusca which characterized by two calcareous shells covering a soft body, encompassingboth marine and fresh-water species both marine and fresh-water species. Some well-known bivalves, such as clams, scallop, mussels, and oysters; has been successfully cultured since decades or centuries ago (Nash, 2011). Nowadays, bivalves and other members of molluscs accounts for nearly 30% of aquaculture production with volume more than 50 million tonnes in 2006 (FAO, 2008). Intensive production is needed to meet market demands on edible and high value bivalves (pearl oysters). One important key of intensification is control over all of the production steps, including management of reproduction which will lead to higher productivity with lower cost in order to reach best efficiencies and standardized products. Controlled spawning of molluscs is the best way to obtain reliable supply of quality seeds and reduce dependencies upon unreliable natural spawning events to collect spat. The development of bivalves hatchery was started in 1879 when William Brooks demonstrated that oyster eggs could be spawned and developed into the larval stage in laboratory (Castagna, 1983). No published report on artificial propagation of bivalve molluscs until 1920s when William Wells successfully reared oyster larvae. These two findings provide important data for further development in molluscan aquaculture. This article will describe a number of common spawning techniques for bivalves, which divided into 2 categories: gamete stripping and spawning induction. Henceforward, gamete stripping is considered not induction since the word induction refers to a persuading or stimulating action, whereas another authors may define the other way. Advantage and disadvantage considerations of each technique are included, particularly in relevance with practical farming aspects. 1. Gamete Stripping As the name indicates, this procedure involves removal of gamete from gonad tissue. Briefly, fully ripe gonad overlies the digestive tract was slash repeatedly with scalpel and washed with filtered seawater to harvest the gametes. Microscopy examination is needed to determine sex and appearance of the ova and sperms. Therefore, only well-trained operators can carry it out because of high level of difficulties. Due to its effectiveness, gamete stripping has been widely used to obtain gametes in many Bivalvia species. Pacific oysters (Suquet et al., 2007), pearl oysters Pinctada fucata (Alagarswami et al., 1983a), and European flat oysters Crassostrea gigas (Shpigel, 1989) are some of organisms successfully spawned using gamete stripping. Furthermore, this technique obviously the only way to obtain mature gametes for species that can not be spawned by any physical or chemical stimulation. In some bivalves, viable eggs does not necessarily obtained immediately after stripping because naturally a series of activation process takes place in follicle prior to spawning, i. e. removal of germinal vesicles and formation of germinal spindle (Loosanof, 1953; Southgate, 2008). Loosanof and Davis (1963) treated eggs of Mercenaria mercenaria with 0.1N ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), but the embryos did not develop well and leading to low percentage of normal larvae compared to their naturally spawned counterparts. So far, no reports about detail mechanisms on how NH4OH activates eggs, while comprehensive understanding of the process is absolutely important for optimization or probably substitute NH4OH with another potential substance. Stripping itself is a destructive and lethal method, thus it is not a sustainable way to maintain broodstock collections. Sacrificing superior broodstock must be invaluable loss that all hatcheries try to avoid it. Likewise, pearl oysters hatcheries prefer another spawning method that has no detrimental effects, considering the high value of the product and the oysters itself (Southgate, 2008). 2. Spawning Induction by Physical and Chemical Means 2.1 Chemical stimuli 2.1.1 Injections of sex steroids The presence of steroids in molluscs has been identified by Hagerman et al. (1957) and its fluctuations have a strong correlation with sexual maturation, gamete release, and sex determination in bivalve (Croll and Wang, 2007). A serotonin, 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), works synergistically with steroid for those functions because steroids regulate 5-HT receptor on the membrane of gametes (Kadam et al., 1991). Combinations of 5-HT and steroid intragonadal injections are the most widely used in aquaculture farming practice. Efficacy of steroid treatment must be assessed on species basis because a particular steroid may give different results in different species. Similarly, one species could give various responses to some steroids, even if they have similar chemical structure. Published reports by Wang Croll (2003; 2004; 2006) explain clearly about gonadal maturation as well as spawning responses in sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus towards a number of steroid injections, both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro study by Wang and Croll (2003) shows 10-5-10-8 M progesterone and 17ÃŽÂ ²-estradiol potentiated gamete release in 5-HT-induced gonads tissue of P. magellanicus, both female and/or male. On the other side, testosterone (10-5-10-7 M) was only effective in male and no significant effects on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 4ÃŽÂ ±-androsterone injections. Application of steroid inhibitors and control group (5-HT-incubated gonads) in the experiment strongly suggest steroids and steroid receptors involve in molluscan reproduction. Those results are confirmed with in vivo study by Wang and Croll (2006), although slightly different. Progesterone, which is able to initiate gamete release in male and female gonads tissue in vitro, demonstrated inhibitory effect in 5-HT-induced female P. magellanicus. Another interesting fact is the number of gametes released (spawning intensity) are sharply increased up to 300% and the response time after injection (spawning latency) reduced about 30%. Despite of its advantages, administration of sex steroid in bivalves farming apparently impose additional cost since serotonin must be used in parallel to obtain optimal result. In-depth economic calculations might be necessary to reach a balance between cost and benefits. 2.1.2 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) H2O2 application to induce bivalves spawning was first reported by Morse et al. (1977). He and his colleagues found that addition of 5mM of H2O2 to alkaline seawater successfully induced spawning, in both male and female gravid abalone Haliotis rufescens, within about 3 hours after the first addition. This effect results from activation of prostaglandin endoperoxidase by peroxides, which eventually triggers the spawning response. Their paper convincingly pointed that H2O2, neither another contaminants nor substances, initiates the spawning (Table 1). Destruction of H2O2 by catalase and mercaptoethanol (reducing agent) effectively blocks spawning. Aspirin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin peroxidase synthesis, shows endoperoxidase synthesis is required for induction of spawning by H2O2. Table 1. Induction of spawning in gravid H. rufescens Treatment Total Number of Animals Tested Spawned Controls 77 (47F, 30M) 3 (2F, 1M) H2O 18 (13 F, 5 M) 0 H2O2 31 (17 F, 14 M) 30 (16 F, 14 M) Aspirin, then H2O2 26 (12 F, 14 M) 2 M Catalase, then H2O2 5 M 0 Mercaptoethanol, then H2O2 5 M 0 Note: F = female, M = male. Source: Morse et al. (1977) Nevertheless, less success was achieved in Indian pearl oysters P. fucata with H2O2 treatment as with abalone did (Alagarswami et al., 1983b). Mild spawning only occurred with 6mM H2O2 for 5 hours immersion. Supplementation of seawater with Tris buffer at pH 9.1, which usually effective for abalone, does not works well for P. fucata. These conversely results indicate H2O2 concentration must be optimized for any cultured species, sometimes in combination with other treatments. Since peroxide method is a simple and rapid technique, an assay for spawning bivalves which previously known difficult to spawn can be developed quite easily. Morse (1984) has been able to identify optimal conditions for gametogenesis and spawning of green (H. fulgens), pink (H. corrugata), and black abalone (H. cracherodii) using peroxide method. Spawning of these animals can be induced by H2O2 in a slightly high temperature (20-25Â °C). 2.1.3 Injections of neurotransmitters Serotonin, 5-HT, is the most widely used and probably the most potent neurotransmitter for artificial spawning purpose. In vitro study shows ovarian tissue of Patinopecten yessoensis released high number of eggs after been immersed in 10-6M serotonin (Matsutani and Nomura, 1987). The study also demonstrated interaction between serotonin and its receptors in ovary, as well as on how prostaglandins regulate serotonin performance in scallop. The efficacy of serotonin in vitro was confirmed in many in vivo studies. Gibbons and Castagna (1984) injected six species of bivalves with 2mM serotonin, nearly similar to the concentration used by Matsutani and Nomura (1987), and all of them spawned as expected with spawning latency 15-30 minutes (Table 2). For an unknown reason, there is a tendency serotonin more likely affected males than females. Table 2. Number of bivalves spawned by 5-HT injection Species Treatment Number of Tested Spawning Males Spawning Females Arctica islandica Control 70 0 0 Serotonin 70 15 4 Argopecten irradians Control 35 2 1 Serotonin 35 29 1 Crassostrea virginica Control 30 0 0 Serotonin 30 21 0 Geukensia demissa Control 20 1 0 Serotonin 20 8 1 Mercenaria mercenaria Control 70 0 0 Serotonin 329 116 21 Spisula solidissima Control 45 0 1 Serotonin 45 18 9 Source: Gibbons and Castagna (1984). Positive result was also obtained in giant clams, only Hippopus hippopus was less sensitive to serotonin (Braley, 1985). Another tested species (Tridacna gigas, T. derasa, T. maxima, T. crocea, T. squamosa) did very well in terms of spawning latency and spawning duration, even with a low dosage of serotonin. Therefore, injection of serotonin provides reliable way to induce spawning in giant clams, besides gametes-overlay method. Velez et al. (1989) carried out a more comprehensive research to see effect some neurotransmitters upon spawning induction in scallop Pecten ziczac. Given the number of neurotransmitters (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine), only serotonine could induce spawning process. Moreover, they noticed that females give less response to serotonine than males do; similar to what Gibbons Castagna (1984) found. 2.1.4 Addition of gametes Tridacnid clams, such as T. maxima and T. squamosa, can be induced to spawn in captivity by introducing gonad extract from the opposite-sex into the mantel cavity (Gwyther and Munro, 1981; Munro et al., 1982). Three different gonad extracts were performed: gonad biopsy, freshly blended gonad, and freeze-dried blended gonad. Unfortunately, the author did not compare the treatments and describe the relevant results more detail. This induction technique is fairly simple in principles and implementation. Spawning occurs simply because synchronized release of gametes, on which gamete act as chemical cues or pheromones (Soong et al., 2005), a natural adaptation to increase external fertilization probability for broadcasting-gametes organisms. 2.1.5 Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated seawater Seawater irradiated by light was a very powerful spawning inducer. Window-pane shell Placuna placenta responded quickly after been immersed in UV-irradiated seawater (Madrones-Ladja, 1997). The average number of eggs released per female using this treatment is as high as in serotonin treatment; furthermore the stimulus did not affect the viability of gametes. Besides of its reliable efficiency, this technique is very cost-effective and simpler than serotonin injection. It is also applicable for either individual or mass spawning, and does really works for both sexes of bivalves. 2.2 Physical stimuli 2.2.1 Temperature manipulation Manipulating water temperature is the most popular methods of spawning induction in bivalve hatcheries mainly because of its ease of application and reliable effectiveness. This technique has been studying intensively and implemented in pearl oyster P. maxima (Southgate and Beer, 1997) and various edible bivalves, such as American oyster Ostrea virginica (Soria et al., 2010) and brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica (Baba et al., 1999). Reproductive physiology of O. virginica has been discovered more than decades ago, thus artificial reproductive control method has been set up very well (Galtsoff, 1938a; 1938b; 1940). Sudden change in water temperature from 20 to 32-35Â °C was found effectively stimulate spawning than long exposure to lower temperatures. In C. japonica, rising the temperature must be accompanied by salinity. Baba et al. (1999) demonstrated temperature 26Â °C with salinity 2.3-4.5 practical salinity unit (psu) give optimum yield. Moreover, addition of gamete suspension into the water is able to increase its fecundity. These three different factors may bring some complexity in terms of hatchery practice because optimization of those components is more likely indispensable. 2.2.2 Administration of microalgal food Immersing razor clams Siliqua patula in high density of phytoplankton is the only method so far that scientifically effective to induced spawning process. Breese and Robinson (1981) found 2-2.5 million cells ml-1 microalgae Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa stimulates razor clams to spawn. No published report that explains this phenomenon, so the exact mechanism does not understood well. It is maybe only a basic instinct of reproduction in nature when food present abundantly in environment. This method could be a good alternative instead of gamete stripping. The number of eggs released per clam as well as hatching rate was much higher compared to those obtain by stripping. In terms of aquaculture practicality, this technique is considerably easy and fairly inexpensive. 3. Conclusions There are numerous techniques to stimulate spawning process in bivalves. Basically, they are only mimicking natural process involved in natural reproduction cycle. No one of those techniques is more superior to another, therefore choosing the appropriate technique should be based on species cultured. Any cost associated, for instance chemicals and equipments, must be also taken into consideration.

Les Miserable Essay -- essays research papers

t  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Les Miserables   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Les Miserables is one of the most captivating plays of our lifetime! It grabs the audience and pulls you in head first. You can't take out eyes off of the stage, and even if you can, the music will take your breath away! I have seen the play 3 times and I don't think I enjoy anything in this world more than watching that play!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Les Miserables starts off on a chain gang in France. The sheriff comes out and gives one of the convicts his release papers. This convict is the lead role who name is Jeran Valjean, who has served 19 years on the chain gang for stealing a mouthful of bread. Jean Valjean leaves the prison and sets out to find work. But no one will give him work because of his tattoo which reads 24601, his prison ID number. Then in the time when he couldn't be more down a priest invites Valjean to stay with him. Despite the kind priest taking him in and feeding him, Valjean decides to take the silver from the table. In the run he gets captured be the police. But instead of telling the truth about Valjeans thievery, he gives the criminal more silver and sends the police away. He makes Jean Valjean promise that he will become an honest man with this silver.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next scene in 10 years later set in a factory where we meat the other main character, Fantine. As she is reading a letter her perverted boss snatches it up with his hands and re... Les Miserable Essay -- essays research papers t  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Les Miserables   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Les Miserables is one of the most captivating plays of our lifetime! It grabs the audience and pulls you in head first. You can't take out eyes off of the stage, and even if you can, the music will take your breath away! I have seen the play 3 times and I don't think I enjoy anything in this world more than watching that play!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Les Miserables starts off on a chain gang in France. The sheriff comes out and gives one of the convicts his release papers. This convict is the lead role who name is Jeran Valjean, who has served 19 years on the chain gang for stealing a mouthful of bread. Jean Valjean leaves the prison and sets out to find work. But no one will give him work because of his tattoo which reads 24601, his prison ID number. Then in the time when he couldn't be more down a priest invites Valjean to stay with him. Despite the kind priest taking him in and feeding him, Valjean decides to take the silver from the table. In the run he gets captured be the police. But instead of telling the truth about Valjeans thievery, he gives the criminal more silver and sends the police away. He makes Jean Valjean promise that he will become an honest man with this silver.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next scene in 10 years later set in a factory where we meat the other main character, Fantine. As she is reading a letter her perverted boss snatches it up with his hands and re...

Industrialization by Invitation

Industrialisation is the process of social and economic change whereby a social group is transferred from a manual labor based structure to a more technologically driven society and where the economy gains much more capital via manufacturing industries. Caribbean economies have been labeled as weak and dependent, and controlled by stronger foreign states and institutions (The Plantation Economy). Sir Arthur Lewis, St. Lucia? s first Nobel Prize winner, has released several publications on the issue of underdeveloped nations in the Caribbean and solutions to correct this underdevelopment.Of these publications is the concept of ? Industrialisation by invitation?. Lewis felt that this was a step needed to be taken for the British West Indies to develop. Sir Arthur Lewis policy aided in the development of the B. W. I but the policy itself also hindered development as well as left out major aspects of development. After Lewis studied the system known as Operation Bootstrap (policy of deli berately inviting foreign direct investors) in Puerto Rico, he set out to adopt and implement similar in the British West Indies.The economies of the British Caribbean were mainly agricultural and there was a need to stimulate industrial growth and trade in manufactured goods, to diversify the economic base, since these economies were mainly monocrop economies. This term not only refers to the dependence on sugar and bananas, it also characterizes the dependence on tourism or the oil industry. Lewis therefore proposed the strategy to invite foreign investment as a way to stimulate growth, not only in industry but also agriculture, and therefore to reduce the dependency on the export sector.He reasoned that the British West Indies had a great abundance of unskilled labour in agriculture and amongst the unemployed. These countries did not have much capital. Thus multinational corporations (MNCs) with millions of dollars at their disposal were to be invited to the British West Indies w here they could earn huge profits by employing cheap surplus labour from agriculture. They would also benefit from tax holidays for the first five or ten years of their operations, and other concessions such as subsidies.In other words incentives would be offered to encourage these corporations to invest . Caribbean governments popularly adopted this policy in the 1960s. Several foreign based companies that are established today in the Caribbean are the result of Sir Lewis’ policy. This is most apparent in the tourist industry many foreigners have invested in hotels which employ the majority of people. Several countries within the Caribbean have attempted Sir Arthur Lewis? concept of ? Industrialisation by Invitation? with the outcomes being mixed. This meaning that it expanded direct foreign investment, injecting capital into local institutions. However, this increase in foreign investment brought about a higher dependency level on technology, raw materials and capital from abroad. Without these investments, the Caribbean would still be in a pre-industrialised state, with little growth in the economies. It has been argued that Caribbean economies have achieved a lot of growth; however without or in fact limited development.Yes, the region? s infrastructure has improved dramatically but their industries and companies are mainly foreign and therefore a substantial amount of profits made are sent abroad. Development therefore has been limited with the major organizations within the economy being foreign and not indigenous. Sir Arthur Lewis? concept of ? Industrialisation by Invitation? was not completely successful since the ? development? of the countries? economies did not reach the limits Lewis predicted.Currently the world market has a major negative effect and influence on the Caribbean economies due to the region? s dependence on foreign investments. Example of an essay on industrialization invitation theory Arthur Lewis Industrializagtion by invita tion To what extent can it be argued that Sir Arthur Lewis policy of ‘Industrialisation by Invitation’ aided in the development of the B. W. I By Jennine Small. According to Nassur Mustapha development is defined as, ‘the progressive process of human, cultural, political, economic and social change, which shapes people’s lives. The southern countries particularly the Caribbean have been classified as developing countries, which are still somewhat dependent on the metropolis which once colonized them. Sir Arthur Lewis in the immediate post- World War II period advocated industrialization of the British West Indies, he adopted a policy called ‘ Industrialisation by Invitation. ’ He felt that this was a step needed to be taken for the British West Indies to develop. Sir Arthur Lewis policy aided in the development of the B. W. I but the policy itself also hindered development as well as left out major aspects of development.The Industrial Revoluti on was one of those historical events which drastically changed societies all over the world. Despite the revolution having its roots in Europe , particularly Britain it then spread to places like the U. S. A and later the Caribbean. Industrialization became the mechanism used for a society to make the transition from a traditional, labour intensive economy based on agriculture (agrarian) to a more capital- intensive economy based on manufacturing by machines , specialized labour and Industrial factories.Sir Arthur Lewis recognized the importance of Industrialisation but realized that the British West Indies could not do it on their own, they would need financial aid, in the form of investments which could stimulate Industrialisation. After Lewis studied the system known as Operation Bootstrap (policy of deliberately inviting foreign direct investors) in Puerto Rico, he set out to adopt and implement similar in the British West Indies.The economies of the British Caribbean were main ly agricultural and there was a need to stimulate industrial growth and trade in manufactured goods, to diversify the economic base, since these economies were mainly monocrop economies. This term not only refers to the dependence on sugar and bananas, it also characterizes the dependence on tourism or the oil industry. Lewis therefore proposed the strategy to invite foreign investment as a way to stimulate growth, not only in industry but also agriculture, and therefore to reduce the dependency on the export sector.He reasoned that the British West Indies had a great abundance of unskilled labour in agriculture and amongst the unemployed. These countries did not have much capital. Thus multinational corporations (MNCs) with millions of dollars at their disposal were to be invited to the British West Indies where they could earn huge profits by employing cheap surplus labour from agriculture. They would also benefit from tax holidays for the first five or ten years of their operatio ns, and other concessions such as subsidies.In other words incentives would be offered to encourage these corporations to invest . Caribbean governments popularly adopted this policy in the 1960s. Several foreign based companies that are established today in the Caribbean are the result of Sir Lewis’ policy. This is most apparent in the tourist industry many foreigners have invested in hotels which employ the majority of people. In Antigua for example, 50% of the population is employed in the tourism industry.In addition to this, infrastructure such as roads and transportation has been developed by governments to complement these businesses. Foreign investors have introduced the latest technologies and influenced the improvement of public services. On the contrary, the policy is very much economically based , its aim is for countries to achieve economic growth. However development also includes other aspects, there is no indication on how foreign investers may positively impa ct the quality of life , welfare or education.Therefore this policy cannot be seen as aiding development in the British West Indies as a whole , as the policy was based primarily on the stimulation of economic growth. In addition, most of the money earned by these investors have been repatriated to their home countries thus money is not invested in the economy, this is a grave issue with serious implications for the tourism industry. The policy eventually failed in the British West Indies, mainly because the Caribbean governments invited the MNCs but did not control them.When the initial period of the tax-free holidays were up they ‘closed up shop' and moved on. They were mainly capital-intensive industries, virtually no provisions were made for training citizens to organize and run similar plants, such as the assembly of motor vehicles and small appliances. Hence no sustainable development. Neo-marxists who came up with the dependency theory, also initially developed their th eory in Latin America. Andre Gunder Frank and Samir Amin were the two theorists associated with this school of thought .Both argued that the third world countries are classified as the Peripheries and the Western/ Industrialised capitalist countries are the core. The former being largely dependent on the latter. The development of the core countries caused the underdevelopment of the periphery since economic surplus was transferred from the latter to the former for expansion purposes. These sociologists recommended that the peripheries need to break the link between them and the core in order to be self- sufficient and independent.Therefore the MNCs can be seen as detrimental according to this perspective dependence is an undesired state and situation . It only causes, injustice, unfairness and exploitation. Following from the dependency theory, we can assert that foreign companies therefore would not be aiding development but hindering it for their metropolis benefit. They would en courage the mindset of preference for foreign goods thus maintaining dependence.It can be seen that the Industrialisation by Invitiation policy is indeed a controversial one when considering whether it has aided development in the Caribbean. There is no doubt that MNCs are an important means to economic development. However in order for a country to develop, the country must have control of its own businesses and resources, move away from traditional economic models that make them dependent on foreigners and also perpetuate the legacy of colonialism in how the Caribbean economy is structured.Grade Profile Knowledge & Understanding – 7/10 Interpretation & Analysis – 7 /10 Synthesis & Evaluation – 7/10 The student demonstrates a very good understanding of the subject matter under examination. Interpreted and evaluated the question well. Student should have named some Companies or a company that emerged as a result of IbyI in their territory and explain the advanta ges and disadvantges of the policy using the ‘live' example as the base. Altogether however this was a good

Food Borne Illness Essay

Food that is mishandled can lead to foodborne illness. While the United States has one of the safest food supplies in the world, preventing foodborne illness remains a major public health challenge. Often when you purchase foods from the grocery store or the food market, you have to check all the expiration dates. When a food is expired, they tend to give you a sign that the food is no good. For example, when you go to the store and shop for bread, you have to check the expiration date. If you purchase bread when the date on the bread is expired, the bread will mold within in the next three days or so. The same situation with the expiration dates is for meat as well. According to â€Å"Food Borne Illnesses & Disease† (2012), as pertaining to storage, for example meat, you can store meat in the freeze for a specific amount of time and it will still be as good as it was when you bought it from the store. * * If you store meat over the amount of time that is listed in this chart, the meat is no longer good. The presentation of the products in the store tend to look good when they might not be. Some foods are advertised as being healthy and clean but they could be bad as well. * Listeria, salmonella, E. Coli, Botulism, are some food borne illnesses that America try to avoid everyday. To prevent the food borne illness Listeria, you must set your refrigerator to 40  °F or lower, and the freezer 0  °F or lower. Use a refrigerator thermometer to check your refrigerator’s inside temperature. When you check in your refrigerator and you see juice from hot dogs or any type of meat leaking, you have to clean the inside thoroughly to avoid catching this illness. Clean the inside walls and shelves of your refrigerator with hot water and liquid soap, then rinse. Use precooked or ready-to-eat food as soon as you can. Do not store the precooked or ready-to-eat food in the refrigerator too long. Wash your hands after you touch hot dogs, raw meat, chicken, turkey, or seafood or their juices. Readers might search for more information on the food safety and inspection service website. They can and will inform you about the many illnesses that are out and how you can and can not prevent them. They will also give you many charts on how to take care of your meat and how to store your meat so you will prevent catching any food borne illness. * To determine if the research is credible, you have to search for the same information through other websites as well. Never just go along with one website and say that it is credible. It is very important to use this criteria when searching for information on nutrition and health because on some sources, they might give you information on telling you what to do with your raw foods and you end up getting sick. To avoid all of the confusion and the illnesses, make sure that the sources are credible. References: Food Borne Illnesses & Disease. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.fsis.usda.gov/fact_sheets/Foodborne_Illness_&_Disease_Fact_She

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid essays

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid essays Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid were two notorious robbers during the late 1800s and early 1900s. They have been rumored to be the most famous and successful bank robbers in history because of their long run with The Wild Bunch in the 1880s and 1890s. The one thing that probably makes them as famous and as legendary as they are, is the fact that no one knows whether or not they died when the history books say they did. It has been rumored that they were killed in Bolivia in 1909. Butch Cassidy was born as Robert Leroy Parker in 1866. His parents had decided that they would settle in Mormon country in Utah. He was described as very restless and had a very acquisitive nature to himself while he was growing up. Once he was a teenager, he met a cowboy rustler name Mike Cassidy. Cassidy, who later was the inspiration for his name, had taught him how to shoot, ride, and rope over the course of a few years to prepare him for his future. When Robert was old enough, he traveled to Telluride, Colorado with Cassidy. While he was there, Butch met the bank-robbing duo of Tom McCarty and Matt Warner. Butch seemed to fit in very well with the two of them and then later had taken part in numerous bank robberies in Denver and Telluride, and also a aborted train robbery in 1887. When he first started his life of crime, he went under the name of George Cassidy, he gathered a small reputation under this name before he adopted the name Butch from his profession at the time. Butch had been working as a butcher at a meat shop in Rock Springs, Wyoming. He liked the way the alias Butch Cassidy sounded so he replaced George with it. This new name then stayed with him for the rest of his life. A few years later, Butch became part of an outlaw strong hold of BROWNs Hole, a rugged mountain camp at the Green River bordering Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. He met many new people t...

Paintings of Vincent Van Goh and Paul Cezanne Essay

Paintings of Vincent Van Goh and Paul Cezanne - Essay Example The essay "Paintings of Vincent Van Goh and Paul Cezanne" analyzes Vincent Van Goh and Paul Cezanne and their individual works â€Å"The Rocks† and â€Å"The Ravine†. . What can be demonstrated through art, as well as what this paper will show, is that to fully enjoy and understand art, the key idea to keep in mind is that understanding and interpretation comes through finding and knowing what it is that draws you to the masterpiece and how you got there in the first place. Just as with the case of history books, the paintings by the great artists of the time serve as a historical record of the goings on of the time. Often times painters chose to express the world around them the only way they may have known how, and that was through some for artistic expression. Little bits of color, as they are arranged throughout the canvas, find themselves forming together to create images of life, love and the wonder, as well as the amazement that can come with it. They serve as a portal to the imagination as no other artistic creation can. Many people travel to museums such as the Louvre in Paris to experience the greatness that hangs along its walls. To stare into the eyes of the portraits of subjects, or to witness the grander and vastness of the great seascapes and landscapes which provide for a sense of freedom from that which may be otherwise hindering creative thought. With that being said, the works in this analysis pay tribute to the notion that, with creative expression, can come insight.

To what extent do we need evidence to support our beliefs in different Essay

To what extent do we need evidence to support our beliefs in different areas of knowledge - Essay Example And the more the evidences are present -- evidences that are not contrary among one another -- in supporting a specific scientific belief, the more such belief becomes truthful or objective. In Bayesianism, evidences from a set of observational results for a particular hypothesis largely increase the â€Å"probability [or validity] of that hypothesis† (Achinstein 4). Furthermore, scientific belief greatly influences the person who holds such belief. Assuming that evidences validate a specific theory, the thought and action of the individual are strongly shaped by his or her belief system. For instance, a person who considers the existence or truthfulness of the so-called global warming will express, one way or the other, his or her belief of promoting and pursuing a kind of clean and green environment. Perhaps he or she will take this action to a much higher level (e.g., mass demonstration) if such person believes that the continued apathy of the government or state concerning global warming will theoretically result an environmental catastrophe. However, evidences do not make the natural science truly objective or free from error. ... But some scientists also claim that global warming does not exist; they contend that climate change or the increasing heat temperature experienced on the planet Earth is merely a natural phenomenon, which dates back to a hundred years. Moreover, the human specie is an evolving creature that has the natural capacity to adapt in the changing environment. Interpretation to particular evidence is far from objective or scientific. A set of data does not translate to a scientific theory or law. Whether the phenomenon of global warming is true or not, interpretation or deciphering the available observable data remains to be problematic. Going away from the much politicized science (i.e., global warming), the scientists in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was the center of the cosmos, not the sun. Their evidence was that the common-sense perception of what they saw around them. In reply to Wittgenstein’s query, someone said, â€Å"Well, obviously, because it just looks as if t he sun is going around the earth† (qtd. in Dawkins 406). Thus, interpretation matters over a set of evidences. In history as the area of knowledge, evidences or sources are very essential in verifying the truthfulness of the claim or theory made by the historian. Especially historians who study ancient civilizations, sources are necessary in order to prove that their ideas or â€Å"beliefs† are true or accurate. And gathering a number of sources or evidences relevant to the study in question makes the historical record or writing truly comprehensive and objective. Undoubtedly, sources or evidences should be reliable (Child et al. 12). In addition, historical claim or belief influences the person’s mental