Franz Kafka “Before the Law” Essay

In his story, Before the Law, Franz Kafka suggests that obstacles that one faces in life can either be used to mold one’s success or bring about one’s failure. If one can overcome the challenges that they are faced with, they grow in a unique type of way, for every individual perceives each situation in a distinct fashion. That unique type of growth is what establishes a person’s character and perception of the world. However, if one cannot overcome their obstacles, then they cut off their means for growth and are left uninspired, forgetting any dreams or aspirations. It is through the man’s interactions with the doorkeeper, and his inability to overcome this obstacle, that eventually leads him down the path of complacency and failure. It is the doorkeeper in this parable that keeps the man from gaining access to the law, and his inability to pass this doorkeeper that leads to his demise. It is important to realize that the man strives to reach â€Å"the law†, however he winds up getting only as far as the doorkeeper. A question arises here, what would have happened if the man was able to overcome the doorkeeper and enter the gate? The doorkeeper himself somewhat provides an answer to this question when he warns the man that he is â€Å"only the least of the doorkeepers. From hall to hall there is one doorkeeper after the other, each more powerful than the last. The third doorkeeper is already so terrible that even I cannot bear to look at him.† Of course these are difficulties that the man from the country has not expected, and instead of taking his chances, the doorkeeper gives him a stool and lets him sit down at one side of the gate. The man failed to realize that even if there were another doorkeeper behind the first door, he would have been able to face him with the experience and knowledge gained by overcoming the initial doorkeeper. Why was the man so foolish to just sit there and let his life pass him by? This concept of attaining knowledge applies not only to the man from the country but also to every in ordinary life. By the man not overcoming one of the challenges in his life, he was not able to strive and succeed in meeting the goals that he has set forth for himself. When one overcomes their challenges, the knowledge that they hav e gained from that experience merely provides them with necessary tools to face a more difficult situation. Overcoming all of these situations or challenges is like climbing a mountain towards excellence and achievement of ones goals. A prime example of trying to overcome challenges in every day life in order to  succeed is myself. I am a first year college student who is on the rocky road towards success. I am continually meeting one challenge after the next, striving to achieve every one of the goals I have set for myself. From elementary to high school and now to college, I am using the things I have learned, the tools I need in order to meet the next and more difficult challenge in my life. Unfortunately, the man accepts the stool that the doorkeeper offers him where â€Å"he sits for days and years.† The man never gains any sort of stature, for he looses out on all of the potential growth he could have gained by standing up to the doorkeeper. Why didn’t he stand up? What made him so weak that the doorkeeper was able to take such advantage of him? All of these questions are now brought into the picture because of the man’s stupidity in just giving up not only with the doorkeeper but also with himself. Before the man realizes that he has reached a state where he is looked down upon, and questions asked of him â€Å"are put indifferent, as great lords put them.† Unaware of the hole that he has dug for himself, the man eventually loses total sight of his original goal of reaching â€Å"the law,† and the man fixes his attention almost continuously on the doorkeeper. He even reaches the point of begging the fleas on the doorkeeper’s coat to grant him access to â€Å"the law† if the man were to only realize from the beginning that the gate was placed there for his own personal self-development. The lessons he could have learned by pushing beyond the initial doorkeeper would have more than likely built him into a totally new person, with unique talents and insights gained from his experience. Instead he gives up on himself, he grows old and never reaches any of his goals, and he never achieves his aspiration. The doorkeeper then finally points out, that â€Å"no one else could be admitted here, since the gate was made only for you. I am now going to shut it.† This closing of the gate was the end to everything the man wanted, all of his hopes and dreams have now been shut behind a door and are now irretrievable. The author gives us a sense of sorrow towards the old man for not being able to achieve his wants and desires. Instead, we learn a valuable lesson in the story about the life one leads. One must be prepared to face the challenges that life present. If one is able to overcome their challenges, they will grow from their experience and form their own unique personality. If one cannot overcome their obstacles, they may spend their life stuck in a rut of complacency,  never achieving any goals or dreams that they once had. The poor old man from the country had to learn this important lesson out for himself.

English coursework Essay

The creature not only has beautiful thoughts in this quotation but uses sensitive language: attracted, lovely, delight. However later on the creature explains that rage grasped hold of him as he realised that he would never enjoy her company. This explains that the creature is desperate to love someone, but because everyone treats him as if he is sub-human he is filled with fury, which is a natural human reaction. This is a reoccurring theme throughout the novel, and it becomes blatantly obvious that if humans treated him with respect and admiration, the creature would have never caused desolation. The above quote is far from the only example of this reoccurring theme in the novel. When the creature studies the cottagers we realise that love and desire are an element of his personality; ‘The more I saw of them, the greater became my desire to claim their protection and kindness; my heart yearned to be known and loved by these amiable creatures: to see their sweet looks directed towards me with affection was the utmost limit of my ambition. ‘ The creature clearly desperately craves for their admiration but when the cottagers encounter him, they scorn and beat him. It is clear that in this situation it is the cottagers who are the monster and the creature that is human, as the creature is reaching out for love and friendship, but the cottages dismiss him and beat him with malicious intent. At the time of the creation of this novel, a revolution was in progress in France. Throughout the novel there is an underlying connection between its story and the French revolution that became apparent. In France the radical reform was causing a severe amount of controversy and violence. Some believed the reform to be a positive movement as it would create a more democratic country, however there were others who believed that the reform would damage traditions and make several workers redundant. Therefore, despite the reformists’ intentions being good, the result caused violence and destruction. This theme is paralleled in the novel as Frankenstein intended to defeat death thus helping humanity; however the consequences of his actions resulted in violence and destruction. Another correlation between the two is that Frankenstein playing God (as he is defeating death) threatens religion as it insinuates that humans have the power and not God, and in the revolution the Church was under threat as the reform deprived them of power and encouraged liberal thinking. However the most important theme is the debate; is it the reform that causes destruction and devastation or is it peoples inability to accept something different? Is it the creature that causes destruction and devastation or is it peoples inability to accept something different? I believe the answer to both of these questions is peoples inability to accept something different, because if people were not afraid of change then they would have accepted the revolution and not created a reign of terror, and if people were not afraid of something alien and different then people would have treated the creature with some form of courtesy and consideration, thus avoiding infuriating the creature. Evidence from the text on this point is when a young boy free of prejudice and discrimination is confronted by the creature; ‘monster! Ugly wretch! You wish to eat me, and tear me to pieces – You are an ogre – let me go, or I will tell my papa. ‘ The creature had already explained that he had no intentions to hurt or harm the boy, but because the creature is different and alien, he is immediately associated with evil, and must be avoided. Mary Shelley creates a variety of interesting points throughout the novel; that we should except death and take solace in the fact that we will hopefully be reunited one day in heaven. Therefore we should not be saddened and try to control the natural process of life, but enjoy experience. Mary Shelley also warned the reader about the dangers of unknown science, and that even an experiment designed to help humanity can have disastrous consequences. However, the most inspiring point created was the connection between the French revolution and the novel. It opened the readers mind to the prejudice and discrimination that the human race evilly portray. Anything alien or different must be associated with evil, which is a fundamental flaw of society that is near impossible to eliminate. We are, as a race, extremely narrow minded. In the novel we failed to overlook the creature’s repulsive appearance and treated him with complete contempt and disdain. This story illustrates the intolerant and callous society, and no matter how considerate and selfless a person is, we will still torment and ridicule them if they are in any way different to ourselves. Therefore, I disagree that the creature is a fiend as although he is cursed with a grotesque appearance that does not make him a monster, and although he committed several fiendish acts he is not accountable for this as it is merely a consequence of humans disgraceful behaviour, however as the creature endures feelings of both compassion and rage, as he can distinguish between good and evil, and as he desires more than the basic necessities of hunger, shelter and thirst, I believe that the creature must be described as essentially human. Â  

Chekhov the Fox and Visions of Transcendent Humanity

Chekhov the Fox and Visions of Transcendent Humanity Anton Chekhov might look like a hedgehog when he returns time and again to the theme of universal humanity and its future path. But Chekhov as ‘the humanist writer’ does not really work towards a unified concept of mankind’s ultimate fate. Rather, the thinking men in his stories and plays present their own diverging and overlapping visions of human purpose. In a most Chekhovian manner, these perspectives are often frustrated or denied by the essential incommunicability of each man’s point of view. It then seems that Chekov’s narrative voice is more suited to the fox’s role, as it presents a polyphonic and individually refutable set of perspectives on a common theme. For some of Chekhov’s characters, the fate of man is fixed and predetermined, for others it is the uncertain product of generations’ toil. For some there is a religious drive to improving the current lot of humanity, and for others it is a biological or social imperat ive. Chekhov’s restless exploration of what humanity’s future means to different people proves that he would rather celebrate the philosophical diversity of his zeitgeist than constrain the intellectual developments of his age to a single framework. Perhaps the most tellingly individualized view of humanity’s future in a Chekhov text is found in The Seagull. Kostya’s notion of the â€Å"World Soul† is an abstracted and dramatized vision of the standard Western theological and philosophical trope of mankind’s convergent destiny. Whether expressed in the biblical model of the rapture, in the political ideal of manifest destiny, or in the latest theories of a technological singularity, there has been a throughline in Western thought that structures humanity’s future as a unified turn to the greater good. Kostya’s play-within-a-play defines his version of this fateful unity as the â€Å"dreams of what will be two hundred thousand years from now† (99). Nina’s character introduces herself as an allegorical projection of unified life in a lifeless world: â€Å"The bodies of all living things having turned to dust, eternal matter has transformed them into stones, water, clouds, and all their souls have merged into one. That great world soul – is I† (100). Then she speaks of the predestined action of this unified force: â€Å"in the cruel, persistent struggle with the devil, the principle of the forces of matter, I am destined to be victorious; then matter and spirit shall merge in glorious harmony† (101). However muddled or phantasmagorically contrived it comes across to his fictional audience, Kostya’s authorial voice tells Chekhov’s audience that the ultimate goal of humanity is to religiously transcend the physical realm. Whether or not Kostya himself literally believes in such a goal does not matter, his writing nevertheless produces that individual view of human transcendence. Kostya introduces this transcendence as inevitable and out of the influence of currently living humans, in contrast with the views of some other Chekhov characters. Doctor Astrov, in Uncle Vanya, expresses the opposing opinion most strongly, taking personal responsibility for the future of the environment and, by extension, human happiness: â€Å"Man is endowed with reason and creative powers . . . I realize that the climate is somewhat in my power, and that if, a thousand years from now, mankind is happy, I shall be responsible for that too, in a small way† (175), Likewise, Vershinin in The Three Sisters, argues that his â€Å"dream . . . of the life that will come after us† in â€Å"a thousand years – the time doesn’t matter† will arise because humans are â€Å"living for it now, working . . . suffering, and creating it† (264). This argument is against Tuzenbach’s assertion that there will be no such transcendent future, regardless o f whether modern man works for it or not: â€Å"Not only in two or three hundred years, but in a million years, life will be just the same as it always was† (265). The fox-like attributes of Chekhov’s oeuvre are evident in the way his characters’ conflicting opinions contribute to an intertextual argument on a specific strand of philosophy. If Chekhov were a hedgehog, his dramas might then guide this argument towards one triumphant vision of human destiny. Instead, the armchair philosophers in The Three Sisters give no finality to the subject, with Vershinin concluding that â€Å"in any case, it’s a pity youth is over† and Tuzenbach saying â€Å"It’s difficult arguing with you, friends! Well, let it go† (266). Astrov becomes disillusioned with his own argument, telling Elena that is that â€Å"there’s nothing to understand, it’s simply uninteresting† (201). And most disappointingly, Kostya’s play is seen only as â€Å"decadent ravings† by his audience of family members (102). Chekhov’s great dramas define him as a fox because they not only develop many angles of his philosophical theme, but also present each distinct approach to the subject in the utterly fallible voice of a fictional character. As with many Chekhovian short story characters, the thin kers in these plays find that their lofty opinions count for naught when they cannot be properly communicated to another person. This trend denies the ultimate validity of each fictional viewpoint, such that even if there were consensus between all characters in different plays on the subject of humanity’s common future, it would still be impossible to pinpoint a singular perspective running through Chekhov’s theatrical work. The short stories that introduce variant perspectives on universal humanity are even more telling of Chekhov’s ‘foxiness.’ Their third-person narrative forms allow the author to more explicitly point out the incomprehensibility, and hence illegitimacy, of a character’s opinion to anyone outside of his personal perspective. The Black Monk features the most exaggerated instance of this narrative technique. Kovrin’s apparition descends upon him to explain that he is a divinely chosen genius whose work will lead manki nd â€Å"some thousands of years earlier into the kingdom of eternal truth† (35). Combining Kostya’s vision of religious transcendence with Astrov’s belief in the necessity of individual labor, the Black Monk’s divine mandate represents yet another strain of â€Å"the immortality of man† that is pursued literally and as a symbol of mortal progress throughout much of Chekhov’s fiction (35). The narrative, however, makes it clear that this belief is not to be taken at face value, because it originates, exists, and is expressible solely in the mind of its one believer. After accepting the mantle of genius, Kovrin questions the man that he knows to be a hallucination, â€Å"What do you mean by eternal truth?† and the third-person narrator proclaims that â€Å"the monk did not answer. Kovrin looked at him and could not distinguish his face. His features grew blurred and misty. Then the monk’s head and arms disappeared; his body seemed merged into the seat and the evening twilight, and he vanished altogether† (36). We see here that Kovrin’s vision of universal humanity is not even fully formed, because his ghostly guide disappears without revealing to him its entire meaning, thus introducing doubt to the reader that Kovrin is capable of pursuing such a vision. Throughout the story of The Black Monk, Kovrin and the narrator both acknowledge that th e titular spirit exists only in the mind of the overworked philosopher. That narrative position, combined with the fevered, imperfect nature of Kovrin’s convictions, connotes the incommunicability of a personal belief in human transcendence. Whereas theatre allows characters to say aloud thoughts with which the audience or the author are clearly intended to disagree, narrative fiction enables the reader to see a viewpoint that is invalidated even further by its deviation from consensus reality. The incommunicability of transcendental belief can also be found in the thematic subtext of two earlier Chekhov stories, Dreams and Gusev. It’s interesting to note that in Dreams Chekhov’s characters locate the impossible, shared vision of perfected humanity in the distant past rather than the future: â€Å"have these visions of a life of liberty come down to them . . . as an inheritance from their remote, wild ancestors? God only knows!† (48). Here is another testament to Chekhov’s foxiness; between texts, he radically varies the specifics of their common philosophical theme. Dreams features the focalized ponderings of an odd tramp who sets the tone for the story when he says of the inexplicable motives of his mother: â€Å"She was a godly woman, but who can say? The soul of another is a dark forest† (45). As he is escorted through a literal dark forest, the tramp quixotically attempts to communicate to his soldier captors the vision of freedom and brotherhood that has taken root in his own soul. But, being in a Chekhov story, he travels one step forward and two steps back in pursuit of this merging of perspectives. The tramp succeeds at first in getting the soldiers’ imaginations to join his in â€Å"painting for them pictures of a free life which they have never lived† (48). But then, because â€Å"perhaps he is jealous of the vagrant’s visionary happiness† one of the â€Å"evil-boding fellow travelers† starts to argue against the realism of the tramp’s utopian escape (48). The shared vision fails because the soldiers cannot â€Å"force their minds to grasp what perhaps God alone can conceive of: the terrible expanse that lies between them and that land of freedom† (48). Here, Chekhov suggests another possibility for why these dreams of human transcendence are impossible to uphold – besides the madness, disillusionment, or indifference of the dreamer. It may simply be out of the scope of human cognition to share an understanding of the struggle needed to reach a perfect world. Gusev contains no explicit reference to a vision of mankind’s ultimate goal, but it does share with the other texts a humanist message that is denied by miscommunication. Pavel Ivanych, a righteous dying man, attempts to impress upon the titular soldier that his conscription is inhumane, for â€Å"it is not plans that matter but human life. You have only one life to live and it musn’t be wronged† (256). Gusev fails to grasp the metaphysical implications of the injustice pointed out by Pavel Ivanych and seeks only to argue that the specific duties of his conscription are not too harsh. This intellectual disconnect between the two men is established earlier in the story, when in response to Pavel Ivanych’s diatribes against those he sees responsible for human suffering, it can only be said that â€Å"Gusev does not understand Pavel Ivanych; thinking that he is being reprimanded, he [responds] in self-justification† (255). Pavel Ivanych, like the tramp before him, and Kovrin and the dramatic figures after him, is a true Chekhovian humanist. All his attempts to share his belief in the proper way of living are frustrated by the uniqueness of his way of thinking. Chekhov the fox shows yet another way for a humanist vision to be denied: it is the surrounding environment of petty minds and morals that makes Pavel Ivanych’s quest for common humanity a self-defeating one.

Applying Theory to a Practice Problem of Nursing Essay

Applying Theory to a Practice Problem of Nursing - Essay Example Nursing has developed differently through the years, with the efforts of the theorists of the different nursing eras; they have helped turn it into a respectable and reputable profession. It cannot be questioned for it has been backed up the different nursing theories which helped carve what nursing practice is today. Providing care is one of the main responsibilities that a nurse has to give to a patient. In fact, nursing has almost come to be defined as synonymous to caring, because nurses include care into their daily interventions. Caring for people in the field of nursing involves the simplest of things. Indeed, listening attentively (and hearing the message between the words) to what patients say about themselves, about their environment, about their current situation, about matters concerning the mind, heart, and soul, and different other things are part of caring that is inherent in the nursing profession (Bernick, 2004). Caring in nursing also manifests itself in the simple aspects of therapeutic communication, in a touch that can transcend the barriers of age and race, and even in the nurse’s simple presence at the bedside, giving the patient the feeling of peace and security. This process of caring has been maintained for all these years by both contemporary and pioneer nurses. But with the appearance of technologies that can diagnose a patient without having to ask them any questions aother than their personal information and lessen the time of poking and proding, the idea of spending a quiet tim e with the patient has lost some touch to the nurses nowadays. The idea of saving time and alloting them to other chores rather than giving the patients the care that they needed runs within the nurse’s mind. Time spent with the patient decreases which means the care given to the patient also diminishes. The application of nursing theories actualy loses its touch on the nurse, without the nurse even noticing. Caring is one of the essential component of nursing, one they tend to overlook and disregard. To be unable to perform this task means that the nurse is not performing the responsibility placed upon their shoulders. The only time that nurses realize that providing more than the average activities and giving the caring needed not only improves the healing ability of the patient is through the presentation of evidences of improvement when they are given; one of which is presented by situations where the cases are treated with the application of the different theories develo ped through the years.This paper aims to determine the importance of application of theories on the everyday job of a nurse. How with the guidance of the theories developed years ago can improve the ability of a nurse to provide proper care for their patients. The application of nursing theories in practice has improved the nurse’s ability to provide for all the needs of the patient. Whether it be his physical, emotional, psychological or spiritual need; a nurse can help the patient with the proper application of a specific theory needed by the situation. The theories used in practice were identified and classified according to three general divisions: The grand theories, mid-range theories and the borrowed theories. Application of Grand theory to the Problem Nursing theory is an important aspect of nursing that

WSJ Analysis Number 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WSJ Analysis Number 3 - Essay Example Yamahas position is that of saying that the other side would, â€Å"have seized on safety and product enhancements that Yamaha has made to the Rhino to allege baseless claims about the stability of the vehicles,† (Conkey & Trottman, 11/04/08). Like other vehicles of the sort, the Rhino, according to Yamaha, was designed to go in the areas in which are considered to be all terrain and handle such things as what can be hazardous environmental conditions. Yamaha further maintains its claim that it has done everything within its power to maintain a complete level of maintenance on its products. Legislation as of August 2008 would make it possible for those standards that would have been voluntary beforehand, to be more required as a result. Further stating that they cannot respond to claims that have not been brought forth with any proof as of yet, Yamaha insists upon the standard business claim of truly caring about each and every customer. As for relevance to the marketing issue, any form of discrepancy as it comes to the safety of a product or service that a company may provide, can result in a great deal of problems for the companys economic future and the image which they bode with both their customer base as well as federal regulators. This sort of concern in regards to the issues of product safety can prove to be very fatal to the overall stability of the company itself. With the current economic status of the nation being tenuous at best, any sort of doubt in corporate integrity and that which they produce for the public, can only prove to be more disconcerting to a market already stressed from economic uncertainty of the present day. As has been in the case in other circumstances, it is often times very common for a company to fight off such allegations made in the hopes of saving the reputation that they have. In some cases to settle when

The Influence of the Bible on Contemporary Music Research Paper

The Influence of the Bible on Contemporary Music - Research Paper Example Music is influenced by the nature of the culture from which the artists have developed their aesthetic point of view. Music expresses emotional connections which are enhanced by the literary value of the lyrics that are written to define the subject matter. One of the most influential pieces of literature of the past two thousand years has been the Bible, the rise of Christianity forming culture and transforming the nature of life. Music and lyrics, as art forms, naturally reflect the cultural influence that the Bible has had on Western society. The Bible has influenced modern music, both in positive and negative venues, the Judeo-Christian foundation of society evolving in a wide variety of formats and belief systems. While some artists express joy from this perspective, others express anger and resentments. From either point of view, the Bible has been a strong influence on culture with the arts, including modern music, reflecting that influence. Schippe and Stetson explore the many ways in which the Bible has influenced society. Literature, the newspaper, rock musicians, screen writers, television producers, and advertisers, all frequently use the Bible for inspiration for their work. Fine artists and commercial artists use the Bible in order to gain inspiration for their work as well (1). The Bible is a double edged sword in regard to the influence it brings to society. The moral and ethical structure that Western society is based upon is derived from the Bible, thus much of the positive imagery found in the arts can be attributed to the Bible. However, there is a darker side of the Judeo-Christian heritage that often finds its way into the arts. ... Her greatest hits album at the end of 1990 was titled The Immaculate Collection, a tongue in cheek take on the concept of the immaculate conception story in the Bible. Christian images are even more prevalent in her video interpretations of her music than even in the music itself (Taraborelli 203). In her song Like a Prayer, the visual imagery is specific to the crucifixion and to the embodiment of a deified male character who is associated with Christ. According to Campbell, the message of the song is that we are all brothers and sisters under Christ, that racism diminishes humanity. Her video emphasizes the spiritual nature of the music even though the music provides no straight narrative to the visual imagery (299). The band Devo used the influence of the Bible as a starting point from which to define some of the music that they created. They saw the Bible as a mythology, a set of beliefs from which society defined its place in the universe and Devo saw that hubris as humanity pla cing itself at the center of the universe. The name of their band, Devo, was constructed from the concept of de-evolution. In creating music that was contradictory in nature to the influence of the mythology of the bible, they were â€Å"attacking ideas that people have that they’re at the center of the universe† (Crisafulli 65). In naming their band by a name that came into conflict with creationism and evolutionism, Devo was making a comment on the pride with which religion elevates human beings above a place in which they lose their awe for all of nature. The music of politically inspired musicians often also include music that is inspired by the Bible. Sinead O’Conner, greatly influenced by the politicized,

Current United States Policy on Commerical Aviation Security and Three Research Paper

Current United States Policy on Commerical Aviation Security and Three Potential Policy Alternatives to the Current Policies in - Research Paper Example The significance of ensuring security in the commercial aviation sector is to promote the safety of Americans and their property as well as minimizing the threat in other countries. Indeed, the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 together with the security mishap at the Heathrow airport in August 2006 in which a gang of terrorists who intended to bomb transatlantic jets scheduled to leave Heathrow Airport were arrested reminds the American people about the need to protect the American people against adversities. Therefore, some of the notable ways this possible is through constant revision of the Commercial Aviation Security Policy. The United States Policy on Commercial Aviation Security seeks to offer the most secure commercial aviation services to all stakeholders including travelers, airline firms, landing field, airline and airport service officers, government departments, and tourists and visitors. The passengers screening strategies has been reliance on technology that dete cts metallic objects from passengers' luggage. However, in some scenarios the technology has not been perfect in detecting explosives (Lisa, 2009; pg. 197). Therefore, three policy alternatives are discussed in this paper including; maintaining the status quo in the existing policies, enhanced technological equipment that detects both metals and non-metals, and finally passenger behavior analysis and profiling. The discussions of the three policy alternatives have revealed that the government needs to consider passengers behavior analysis and profiling implemented together with the technological screening methods in order to generate the best policy alternative. Background The United States Policy on Commercial Aviation Security exists to provide the most secure commercial aviation services to all stakeholders including travelers, airline firms, landing field, airline and airport service officers, government departments, and tourists and visitors. The threats that America faces each time sometimes forces them to get back with a review of the aviation policies in order to ensure security is even tightened more. Furthermore, the recent security threats have made the department of homeland security to intervene with the intention of making crucial policy changes. The aviation security strategy recognizes the fact that the security and economic success of America relies upon the protected business of its aviation industry and the utilization of her airspace. The strategy recognizes that the America needs to ensure the safe existence of the airspace for her citizens, for the global partners, and legitimate commercial activities. The country also recognizes that terrorists and unfriendly nations have developed perceptions that the aviation industry is a good ground for launching attacks and terrorist activities. Indeed, the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 reminds the American people about the need to protect them against adversities. Therefore, some of the no table ways this has been made possible is through continuous revision of the Commercial Aviation Security Policy. Of great significance however, is the passenger screening at the airports. The present technology has sometimes failed to detect terrorists smuggling explosives. The paper discusses the different strategies that the American government should sanction for implementation in order to

Drilling fluid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drilling fluid - Essay Example The mud also provides hydrostatic pressure to balance the formation pressure resulting from the formation fluids in the borehole that if uncontrolled might lead to blowout. The mud is also used in transmitting hydraulic horsepower from the surface to the drilling bit and power the measurement and logging while drilling tools. The choice of drilling mud is determined by the drilling operation to be done, and its properties should be such that it prevents back pressure and blow outs within the minimum costs as possible. (Committee, 2004, pp. 15-19) Drilling fluids are classified into three major types like water, oil, and pneumatic based fluids. The three major types are further classified depending on the purpose, chemicals added fluid phases, alkalinity and dispersion. Water based muds have four phases which include water, Active colloidal solids, Inert solids and Chemicals. The water phase or continuous provides the initial viscosity which is modified to achieve the required flow properties. The water phase also suspends the active colloidal solids and the inert solids. A sample of colloidal solid present is the Bentotite, and that of an inert solid is the Berite. Bentonite, which is a clay provides just sufficient viscosity for carrying the fragments to the surface. Baruim Sulfate increases the weight of the column for borehole stabilization. Caustic soda and other ingredients are added to increase the alkalinity and reduce corrosion. Salts such as Potassium chloride are also added to prevent water from infiltrating the rock formation. Clay is added to water based fluids to increase their density, yield point, gel strength, viscosity and to minimize fluid loss. The clays added are classified as Montmorillonites or bentonite, Kaolinites, and Illi tes. The chemicals are also added to improve the flow properties and are listed as Thinners, Dispersants and Deflocculants. (Caenn, 2011, pp. 538-542) Based on the dispersion, water

Information Power Inside An Organization Research Paper

Information Power Inside An Organization - Research Paper Example If the information is used as a means of trade, it possesses a great power (Hersey et al., 2001). Information is necessary for shaping an organizational behavior because information is able to create a great influence on the people in an organization. Many organizations operate out of four major frameworks (Bresnahan et al., 2002). The frameworks include custodial, supportive, autocratic and collegial. Autocratic: the Autocratic model has a basis of power with managerial authority orientation (Anni-Kaisa Kà ¤hkà ¶nen, 2010). This model makes the employees to be oriented towards dependence and obedience on the boss (American Association of School Librarian, 1998). The subsistence need for the employee is met. The result of performance is thus minimal.Custodial: the Custodial model has a managerial money orientation and its basis is economic resources. The employees get an orientation towards benefits and security. The employees are also able to depend on the organization (Salancik, 1977). Passive cooperation is the performance result of this model and it meets the employee need of security. An organization that has this model is referred to as custodial organization (Anni-Kaisa Kà ¤hkà ¶nen, 2010). Supportive: the Supportive model is mainly concerned with the leadership.The managerial orientation of this model is support. The employee orientation is mainly concerned with the job participation and performance.The supportive model enables the employee need for recognition and status to be met.

Iroquois theatre fire, chicago, IL, december 30, 1903 Research Paper

Iroquois theatre fire, chicago, IL, december 30, 1903 - Research Paper Example It is one of the tragic incidents which have occurred, where it is not possible to accurately tell the number of the casualties, more than a hundred years later. Although it is in record that 605 people perished during this incident, the number is not accurate, since it depended on the number of bodies that were reported, collectable and mere estimation. However, it is feared that more people may have died during this incident, because the fire could have burnt down other people to ashes (Brandt, 5). The number given is only dependent on the deaths that were reported, while there were many other bodies that were removed from the scene, which were never reported. Therefore, the magnitude of this incident raised alarm over the need to step up the safety measures against fire, for both theatres and other public buildings. There are various reasons as to why the theatre was a popular holiday venue, mostly flocked to capacity in the event of any performance. The location of the theatre was strategic, meant to attract mostly women who were on day trips out of town (Brandt, 12). Secondly, the theatre was constructed in a safe zone, near a shopping district that was patrolled by police at all times. This made the theatre attractive to the people, since they were assured of their safety. Although the theater turned out to be a popular holiday destination in Chicago, it opened later than was scheduled; following some labor unrests and the failure to have its architect complete the drawing in good time (Campbell, 193). Nevertheless, its architectural standard was high, compared to any other theatre in the US at the time, which immediately made it attract large crowds during performances. In its architectural design, the theatre comprised of three different levels where the audiences could watch from, which w ere separated by broad stairways. The two upper audience levels, the dress circle and the gallery were separated from the main floor

Bringing Adam Home Essay Example for Free

Bringing Adam Home Essay Bringing Adam Home review examines the story of the decades-long investigation into the abduction and murder of 6-year-old Adam Walsh. The police investigation took 27 years to prove guilt of the serial killer, Ottis Toole, who made multiple confessions to the murder. The book is written by the experienced detective writer Les Standiford with the help of the retired detective Joe Matthews, who finally found evidence of Toole’s committing the murder 27 years afterwards. The case of Adam Walsh has influenced the American society in the way that legislatures were made protecting children, and practices were adopted helping find missing and potentially abducted children. Key words: abduction, evidence, investigation, kidnapping, murder. Bringing Adam Home Book Review Standiford, L., Matthews, J. (2011).Bringing Adam home: The abduction that changed America. New York, NY: Harper Collins. ISBN:9780061983900. Bringing Adam Home is the story of the decades-long investigation into the abduction and murder of 6-year-old Adam Walsh who missed from a local Sears in Hollywood, Florida, on July 27, 1981. The police investigation took 27 years to prove guilt of the serial killer, Ottis Toole, who made multiple confessions to the murder – yet the Hollywood, FL, police department did not believe him and failed to use any of evidences that had been found. The abduction of Adam Walshblew people’s minds and undermined their sense of protection. The American society has never been the same ever since – parents did not let their kids play alone outside, nor did their ever say ‘Be home by dark’; a child could be left nowhere unsupervised. It was Adam’s family bad luck that at that time, there were no Amber Alerts and no national data base for crimes against children. Adam’s parents, John and  Revà © Walsh, bent backwards to change the situation. They became renowned crime fighters, propelled the passage of the 1982 Missing Children Act, and John Walsh became a host of the television program America’s Most Wanted (Standiford2011). Adam Walsh’s kidnapping was not only the most important casein American history of missing children that changed the corresponding legislature but also the most famous one. Many people still remember themselves being kids and watching it on the news (Martin, 2011). However, the details of the case are not as well-known as they should be; given the coverage in the media.The more emotional side of the story, through the eyes of the Walsh family, is rendered in Tears of Ragewritten by John Walsh (Scott, 2011). The puzzle of the botched investigation that ran over almost three decades was solved by the retired Miami detective Joe Matthews and written down by the acclaimed writer Les Standiford, the au thor of 9 fiction novels and 6 non-fiction books (Standiford, 2001). The authors open their cards in the very beginning of the book and introduce the killer, Ottis Toole, right in the second chapter. Toole was a low IQ drifter who set fires and assaulted people to relieve his psychological pressure. From chapter 2 to 4, the authorsgive a detailed recount of the work of Hollywood detective Hoffman who could not organize his work so not to lose important clues and evidence and who was not very keen on the idea that Toole was the killer. According toMatthews, Hoffman is portrayed as a moody and self-contained investigator who â€Å"looked like a guy who disapproved of most things on general principle† (Standiford, 2001). Apart from disregarded leads and lost evidences, Hoffman also treated Adam’s parents carelessly not bothering to inform them that their friend Jimmy Campbell, who was prime suspect, had been cleared. For many years John and Revà ©Walsh received no information from the police as for the investigation of their son’s murder. Matthews felt that it was extremely insensitive on the part of Hoffman. Together with undeveloped enough forensic methods, the case of Adam Walsh advanced by imperceptible pace. As Reve Walsh put it: It was a sad thing for this country that the fight had to be led by two broken-down parents of a murdered child(Standiford, 2001). The authors underscore that it could not be said that the Hollywood department was incompetent. Rather that the case was too difficult, and Detective Hoffman turned out to be too snobbish not only to ask for help but also to accept help from Joe Matthews when he  offered it not once. Hoffman was â€Å"too unstructured and ill-equipped† for such mind-bogging case (Standiford, 2001).Det. Serg. Matthews was a lie detector expert and an experiences homicide detective and, being hired by the Hollywood, Fl, Police Department, he was very interested by the case and was ready to use his knowledge to solve the case. Among other things, the difference in approaches of two detectives was that Hoffman was obsessed with finding physical evidences linking Toole to the Adam’s murder; while Matthews believed that circumstantial evidence could make do in some cases. That meticulous recount of all glaring mistakes of the Hollywood, Fl, police department and the detailed description of their daily working life had its aim in showing that detectives’ work is far from the glamorized TV series. Doing on a daily basis such boring chores as searching for a person who moved and did not leave the new address, or surveilling a suspect for many days, exhaust detectives, and the not very dedicated ones â€Å"let things slide† (Standiford, 2011).Standiford and Matthews seem to mention every lead that was not followed, and every report that was incomplete or even falsified. Matthews blames the manner of interrogation when the suspect was let speak without asking necessary questions, and he found the witness who was consistently ignored by Hoffman. The most shocking omission, the reader may consider, was the neglect of the repeated confessions by Toole with a graphic description of the whole process of abduction, murdering, sodomizing, and decapitating of Adam Walsh and the subsequent dismembering and setting ablaze his body. Toole even gave a sensational interview to Jacksonville Times Union where he repeated his confession to the murder of Adam Walsh (Standiford, 2011). Chapters 5 to 6 focus on Matthews’s account of how he proceeded with the investigation. It became possible only after Hoffman was transferred to the Patrol Division in 1994 (Standiford, 2011). Matthews spent two years and nine months reviewing the case and adding new materials. In the end,Matthews had multiple eyewitness identification of Toole taking Adam from Sears, twenty-five independent confessions to the crime made by Ottis Toole, and most important of all – missed by previous investigators – luminal images of machete and luminal outline of a child’s face on the carpet of Toole’s Cadillac. It finally proved Ottis Toole to be the man who committed the crime. The first part of the book does not make an easy reading. When Toole gives his numerous confessions to various  detectives all the same details of the murder, rape, and dismembering are repeated ad nauseam, without adding anything new. Because of it, for those readers who like genuine crime stories, the book may seem quite slow. Standiford and Matthews were extremely repetitive in details of the crime itself, its prolonged investigation, the history behind the suspects, and descriptions of Toole’s perversions. However, the authors rather had in mind to show how the process of investigation can be dragged for years due to the inability of the police to find hard evidence for the already confessed crime. Standiford, who is an experienced detective writer with a number of narrative non-fiction stories under his belt, narrates dryly and matter-of-factly, which contributes to the authentic feel of the blood-chil ling story. Despite waving their incompetence, Matthews provides a scrupulous evidence of the Hollywood, Fla., police department’s negligence, thus making it difficult to believe that behind such an undisciplined behavior may be anything other than a conspiracy to cover up its incompetence. The authors’aim seems to lay in proving two points. Firstly, the case could have been solved within two years, when Ottis Toole was arrested for arson and confessed repeatedly to the murder of Adam Walsh saying that he was â€Å"very, very sorry that he did it† (Standiford, 2011). Secondly, the police department of Hollywood, FL, had a chance to solve the case quickly, had they let do it to Det. Serg. Matthews. Bringing Adam Home is a gruesome story of justice finally served two decades too late. By that time, though, Ottis Toole had died in prison. And our society has changed. Now kids are warned about strangers. No one leaves their kids in the toy area and goes shopping anymore. Lawenforcement has transformed its practices to better protect children. Public places have adopted Code Adam, a powerful search tool for lost and potentially kidnapped children (Code Adam, n.d.). Code Adam is a predecessor to Amber Alert, a network of notifications to the public through urgent bulletins on television and radio. References Code Adam.(n.d.). The National center for missing exploited children. Retrieved from http://www.missingkids.com/CodeAdam Martin, C. (2011, February 09). Book Review Bringing Adam home by Les Standiford[Web log post].Retrieved fromhttp://www.chaoticcompendiums.com/2011/02/book-review-bringing-adam-home-by-les.html Scott, M. (2011, February 26). Bringing Adam home offers strong proof in the 1981 murder of Adam Walsh. Cleveland.com. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cleveland.com/books/index.ssf/2011/02/bringing_adam_home_offers_stro.html Standiford, L. (2001). Biography[Web log post].Retrieved from http://www.les-standiford.com/Pages/Biography.html Standiford, L., Matthews, J. (2011).Bringing Adam home: The abduction that changed America. New York, NY: Harper Collins. E-book

Spinal Stenosis Essay Example for Free

Spinal Stenosis Essay False teachers were saying that self-control was not needed because deeds do not help the believers anyway. Peter continued to encourage believers to remain strong in their faith, by condemning the false teachers and defending the Parousia doctrine and difficulties of the last days. quickstudy. com) John also wrote a letter to the believers to get them back on track, to show the difference between light and darkness, and to encourage the church to grow in genuine love for God and for one another. This letter was to also assure the believers of eternal life and genuine faith so they could enjoy the full benefit of their position of children of god. A second letter was written to warn believers against supporting false teachers. John also addressed the importance of Christian responsibility to support preachers and missionaries. Later John wrote a third letter addressed to Galius, the importance of hospitality, in which Galius was later commended for. Diotrephes was condemned for his lack of hospitality and wanting to take control of the church. (3 John 9:10) The sins of the church such as pride, jealousy, and slander are still present in the church. This problem had to be confronted, so that it will not continue to grow in the church. A short letter was written by Jude, who is the brother of James and half brother of Jesus†, denouncing an unidentified group of heretics and defending Christian’s traditions. (quickstudy. com) Jude illustrates attitudes from typical false teachers, which are pride, jealousy, greed, lust for power, and disregard of God’s will. Jude gives examples: 1) Cain, who murdered his brother out of vengeful jealousy (Genesis 4:1-16) 2) Balaam, who prophesied out of gre ed, not out of obedience to God’s command (Numbers 22-24). The Revelations was written by John to assure Christians the return of Christ and unveiling of hidden realities. (quickstudy. com) He denounces evil and exhorts people to high Christian standards. He offers hope rather than gloom, John was not attempting to predict the future; he was only describing what God had shown. In conclusion the letters written by Paul, Peter, John and Jude were to make the believers aware of the problems in the church. Those letters were also intended to assure Christians of triumph of Christ through the apostles and symbols. Near the end of John’s life he received a vision from God, John then recorded and wrote the book of Revelation. The Revelation was probably the last works by the church in the first century. References: Life application study bible- NIV. (2005). Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale Publishers. Niswonger, R. (1992). New Testament history. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Smith

Gender Issues in Art History and Production

Gender Issues in Art History and Production Describe How Issues of Gender Are Important to the Production of Art and the Writing of Art History Feminism has given new and important insights into the production of art and the study of art history. It has not only helped us to discover the work of neglected women artists but has also given us a new approach to the study of art as a whole. Feminists built upon the earlier insights of Marxism. Traditional art history holds that works of art are the creations of individual genius – that they are forms of self- expression – but Marx argued that art is a product satisfying a demand, supporting the ideology of the ruling class. Part of that ideology included the subjection of women, who tended to be depicted in a subordinate role. These are the kind of arguments that Rozsika Parker and Griselda Pollock put forward in their book Old Mistresses: â€Å"Art is neither pure nor neutral. It is, as we have shown, an ideological practice, secured within power structures† (Parker 157). Power structures are not just those of sexism, they are also those of racism and class distinction; and thus feminism is closely bound up with the social history of art. With respect to gender distinctions, it seems clear that â€Å"femininity† and â€Å"masculinity† are to some extent social constructs. They are behaviour traits learned in childhood to satisfy the demands of society. Feminists have shown that the individual artistic â€Å"genius† is not a universal phenomenon but rather a feature of western art since the Renaissance. In other parts of the world, and in Medieval Europe, artists were often anonymous craftworkers. In the Middle Ages, both men and women worked at producing beautiful objects for the Church: illuminated manuscripts, carvings, embroideries. There was no distinction between â€Å"art† and â€Å"craft†, which was a distinction that arose during the Renaissance. The twentieth-century saw a partial end to this rather artificial division between â€Å"art† and â€Å"craft†. We have not yet seen â€Å"the death of painting†, but it is now rivalled in importance by other media. This rise in the status of the crafts has tended to benefit women artists, since women have always been closely involved with craftwork. The development of abstract art in the twentieth-century owes something to women’s k nowledge of the abstract patterns on textiles and embroidery. Sonia Delaunay and Sophie Taeuber-Arp, for example, were both fashion designers as well as painters (Chadwick 271). The split between â€Å"art† and â€Å"craft† which arose during the Renaissance was furthered by the new interest in the biographies of individual artists, as distinct from anonymous craftworkers. Vasari wrote a series of Lives of the Artists. The artist, unlike the craftworker, was expected to know about the rules of perspective and about history and the classics, which provided subjects for paintings. This kind of knowledge was usually denied to women, who had a restricted access to education, and this helps to explain why there were few female artists in the Renaissance – although artists’ daughters sometimes learned to paint, and there are examples of aristocratic lady artists, such as the painter Sofonisba Anguissola and the sculptor Properzia de Rossi. A myth developed that the true artist must be a temperamental â€Å"genius†, a rebel, a bohemian – as exemplified in the career of a painter like Caravaggio – and this meant that women’s work was not taken seriously, because a bohemian lifestyle would have been deemed inappropriate for a woman (Parker 99). Thus, because of restricted opportunities and the prejudices of society, it came about that no women were deemed to belong to the ranks of the â€Å"great artists†. Not surprisingly, feminists debunk the myth of the â€Å"great artist†, although it is also true that feminist art history itself still relies heavily on the biographies of individual women artists and seeks to demonstrate that their work has been undervalued. Germaine Greer makes the important point that overemphasis on â€Å"great artists† detracts our attention from the myriad of so-called â€Å"minor† talents: â€Å"The seven wonders of the world are not the only things worth looking at† (Greer 150). Indeed, artistic taste is something very personal, and the gallery visitor may find that she or he prefers the work of a â€Å"minor† painter to that of a far more famous name. â€Å"Great artists† are usually seen as innovators – Caravaggio’s use of dramatic light and shadow, for example – while â€Å"minor† artists are thought of as their followers. There are many examples of women as innovators: Sofonisba Anguissola helped to develop the new form of the domestic â€Å"conversation piece†; Rosalba Carriera popularised the new medium of pastel; Angelica Kauffman helped to introduce the Neo-Classical style to England; Helen Frankenthaler developed a new staining technique for producing abstract paintings. It may be true, however, that – until recently – women’s work has tended to be conservative rather than innovatory, and Germaine Greer provides a possible reason for this: The fact that so many gifted women strangled themselves in archconservatism is not some sort of secondary sexual characteristic working its way out, as if women are with necessity born with corsets on the mind. It comes of the very insecurity that these women felt upon entering into competition with men who seemed to have made all the running so far (Greer 131). There were also barriers to prevent women from competing with men in the first place. For example, women were usually excluded from art academies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and denied the chance to copy the nude, which was the basis of the most prestigious art form, that of â€Å"history painting†. Women’s social lives were also restricted. Griselda Pollock points out that Baudelaire’s â€Å"flaneur† who wanders the streets of Paris is a male figure – a woman would not have been able to roam freely in this way (Pollock 70-72). This limited the subjects available for women to paint, and helps to explain why the Impressionist painter Berthe Morisot concentrated on domestic interiors. In order to visit the Paris horse market for her painting The Horse Fair, Rosa Bonheur had to disguise herself as a man (Parker 37). Women’s restricted opportunities meant that they tended to concentrate on â€Å"lesser† genres like portraiture and still-life. But the idea that there is a hierarchy in painting is now completely discredited, because there is obviously no link between the subject of a picture and its aesthetic quality. The flower paintings of seventeenth century Holland – many of which are by women – include some of the most beautiful works of art ever made. The academic hierarchy of genres broke down in the later nineteenth century, as Parker and Pollock explain: When avant-garde artists rejected academic theories and hierarchies, they took up the hitherto less prestigious fields of portraiture, landscape and still-life. Women could and did take full part in avant-garde movements based in these, for them, familiar areas of art (Parker 35). Berthe Morisot and Mary Cassatt, for example, were important in the new movement of Impressionism. The subject of gender and the visual arts also includes the ways in which gender roles are depicted. Up until the end of the eighteenth century, the male nude was probably more important than the female nude as a subject for art. One only needs to think of Greek sculpture and Michelangelo. But the female nude was also important, and these female nudes tend to depict women in a humiliating way, as objects of male fantasy. Carol Duncan argues that even the distorted nudes of avant-garde Modernism such as Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon continue this way of portraying women into the twentieth century (Duncan 47-52). She is certainly correct to point out that it is strange that modern art, which is often said to move way from representation, still contains a surprisingly large number of female nudes. John Berger has demonstrated that the nudes in â€Å"old master† paintings often bear a surprising resemblance to the nudes in modern advertising images and porn m agazines (Berger 55). Berger points out that the nude is essentially dehumanising because â€Å"a naked body has to be seen as an object in order to become a nude† (Berger 54). It seems that Kenneth Clark, a traditionalist of the old school, would agree with Berger to some extent, since Clark writes of Manet’s Olympia that â€Å"to place on a naked body a head with so much individual character is to jeopardize the whole premise of the nude† (Clark 225). This rather dehumanising quality of the nude is, however, a quality that Clark admires, because he sees the nude as a vehicle for expressing a sense of ideal form, divorced from life to some degree; whereas Berger and the feminists are interested in showing how art reflects and constructs the attitudes and injustices of society. Paula Modersohn-Becker’s famous nude Self-Portrait of herself was an important and original contribution because of the individuality she gave to her features, subverting the whole tradition of the nude. Feminist artists seek to actively change society, and one of their achievements has been to draw attention to the stereotyped gender roles which appear in art, advertising and the media. Barbara Kruger’s famous print entitled Your Gaze Hits the Side of My Face draws attention to the fact that the male gaze can be a means of expressing dominance or hostility, a form of harassment. Cindy Sherman photographed herself in poses derived from stereotypical advertising and media images of women. Sylvia Sleigh painted a series of pictures showing male nudes in the kind of poses usually given to women, to demonstrate their absurdity. (The above examples from Kruger, Sherman and Sleigh are taken from Chadwick, chapter 13). Yet women’s art is concerned with much more than issues of gender and sexism. It may, indeed, be a mistake to consider women’s art as separate from men’s because it risks placing women’s art in a separate category, a kind of â€Å"ghetto† area. Works of art themselves have no gender. In this Postmodern era we should now do more to stress the individual contributions of individual women artists, who are much more than just representatives of their gender. Works Cited Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. London: Penguin, 1972. Chadwick, Whitney. Women, Art and Society. London: Thames Hudson, 1996. Clark, Kenneth. The Nude. New York: Doubleday, 1959. Duncan, Carol. â€Å"The MOMA’s Hot Mamas.† Art Journal Summer 1989:47-52. Greer, Germaine. The Obstacle Race: The Fortunes of Women Painters and their Work. New York: Farrar Strauss, 1979. Parker, Rozsika and Griselda Pollock. Old Mistresses: Women, Art and Ideology. London: Pandora Press, 1981. Pollock, Griselda. Vision and Difference: Femininity, Feminism and the Histories of Art. London: Routledge, 1988.

australia Essay -- essays research papers

*Geography* Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It lies in the Southern Hemisphere between 11 ° and 44 ° south latitude and 113 ° and 154 ° east longitude. The entire area of land is about the same size as the continental United States, or about one and a half times the size of Europe. The mainland of Australia has an area of 2,967,909 square miles. The country is divided into six states: Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia. The geological activity that created the country’s mountains, plains, and rivers ceased millions of years ago. Earthquakes are very rare and the last volcanic eruption occurred more than 5,000 years ago. The highest mountain in Australia, Mount Kosciusko, is only 7,310 feet above sea level. *Climate*   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Australia experiences a wide variety of climates. In the north, the continent’s immense interior gives way to hot, wet monsoonal tropical regions. The southeast coast, where most of Australia’s population lives, is cooler and drier. The southwest is very hot and dry in the summer, but milder and wetter in the winter. The climate is very similar to the Mediterranean countries of Europe, or to California. Summer temperatures in Australia can soar over 104 °, but the costal regions are cooler due to offshore breezes. Because of the heat and lack of rain, bushfires rage through the tinder-dry landscape, destroying half a million acres of forest and grassland every year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The hot temperatures of the inland coupled with the lack of rain mean that 70% of Australia receives less than 20 inches of rain a year, making it the world’s driest continent. Farming is difficult in these areas, but not impossible, thanks to artesian water and the construction of many irrigation schemes. *People*   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first inhabitants were people belonging to the Australoid group, who probably originated from Southeast Asia. These people traveled to the Australian continent about 40,000 years ago. A short while later, Aborigines landed in canoes and rafts on the north coast of Australia and then moved southward across the rest of the continent. Aborigines were nomads living in family clans, each with its own territory where it could camp, hunt, and fish. The Aborigines brought two useful items from their original homela... ...sp;  Ã‚  Ã‚  The exchange rate of a US dollar to an Australian dollar is as follows: 1 US dollar = 1.94 Australian dollars. *Economy*   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capita GDP at the level of the four dominant West European economies. Rich in nature resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Commodities account for 57% of the value of total exports, so that a downturn in world commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is pushing for increases exports of manufactured goods, but competition in international markets continues to be severe. While Australia has suffered from the low growth and high unemployment characterizing the OECD countries in the early 1990s and during the recent financial problems in East Asia, the economy had expanded at a solid 4% annual growth pace in the last five years. Growth in 2002 will depend on key international commodity prices, the extent of recovery in nearby Asian economies, and the strength of US and European markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

A Comparison of King Arthur and Beowulf :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of King Arthur and Beowulf Sir Thomas Malory brings forth a courageous character , "King Arthur", utilizing weaponry and leadership, to enlighten the reader of the unique characteristics of a true hero, on the other hand, the unknown author of "Beowulf", depicts the Anglo-Saxan era to tell a story of one who fights to better society. The noble King moves as a unit with his men and pride to protect and serve the kinsmen of his realm. Beowulf wards off evil, unaccompanied, with nothing but his hands. As a distinct hero of the Medieval Period, King Arthur relied greatly upon his arms and retainers. "Take thou here Excalibur..." The King had a extraordinary sword which he brought forth and kept at his side at all times. He fought many battles and bore great trust into his prominent sword. "`Now give me my spear.' Then the King got his spear in his hands and ran towards Mordred." The mighty Arthur depended largely upon weapons as an alternative to hand-to-hand combat. "He behold that noble sword - That the pommel and the haft was all preious stones." The distinguished Excalibur was carried and shown with dignity. Immense care and respect was imposed into the weapons of the king. The noble King Arthur utilized the arms of his time, opposed to Beowulf's unarmed way of battle. Described as the strongest man in the world, Beowulf voyages across seas slaying evil demons with nothing but his bare hands. "...Knew at once that nowhere on earth had he met a man whose hands where harder." In the confrontation of Grendel and Beowulf, our hero brings forth a force greater than the unmerciful dragon. Weaponless, Beowulf slays the dragon with his divine tools of god. "And was instantly seized himself, claws bent back as Beowulf leaned up on one arm." Beowulf was seen as a hero who conquered the evils with his sheer strength. "Strongest of the Geats - Greater and stronger than anyone anywhere in the world." Beowulf was a hero for who he was, a physically superior being. Additionally, he was adored by the Geats for his personality and mentality, along with his accomplishments of bettering society.

Edmund Burke and Thomas Paines Views on the French Revolution Essay

Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine's Views on the French Revolution Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine were two of the several strongly-opinionated individuals writing back-and-forth in response to what the others were saying about the French Revolution. Burke, a critic, writes first. Paine, a supporter, responds. In the excerpt from "Reflections on the Revolution in France", Burke argues in favor of King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette. When Marie was murdered, Burke says, â€Å"As a man, it became him to feel for his wife and his children, and the faithful guards of his person, that were massacred in cold blood about him; as a prince, it became him to feel for the strange and frightful transformation of his civilized subjects, and to be more grieved for them, than solicitous for himself. It derogates little from his fortitude, while it adds infinitely to the honor of his humanity.† Burke also argues against the rising ignorance among the people. He emphasizes the importance of education and the keeping of tradition. He says â€Å"the age of chivalry is gone,† and if this...

Reflective Report on Group Work

Reflection on group work Project Content |Page | |Content |2 | |Introduction |3 | |The Group |3 | |My role in the Group |4 | |Difficult encountered during the group work |5 | |The Presentation |7 | |Conclusion |8 | |References |9 | Introduction When effective group management and high organisation skills are applied, group work can bring students a wide range of skills and abilities related to people and problem solving. Group work demonstrates student’s capacity to communicate effectively, share and consider opinions, establish trust, analyse the group process, resolve conflicts and also develop their creativity. However, the constructive learning and beneficial results does not always come as a result of group work. For instance, if the students can not perceive the objective of the group work in order to achieve a common goal, or to lay back or believe that the work load can be relied on other members of the group making the individual work less and still get an equal grade, the educational benefits can result in frustration and arguments as well as leading the whole group to a state of stress and anxiety. This essay reflects on my own participation towards ‘Lush Project’ as a project director, also how I contributed in interpreting  and  researching  the  Lush  Brief,  as  well  as my participation with the  final  presentation. It also discusses the difficulties that emerged throughout the group work; things that went well regards to the preparation and the areas that could have been improved upon. The Group A group can be defined in various ways, for instance; Charles Handy (1993, p. 150) identified a group as â€Å"any collection of people who perceive themselves to be a group† in order to interact with one another. The group then is likely to go through a number of structures which cover forming the group, the group passing from an undeveloped concept to a mature conception then going through a â€Å"variety of stages from mutual acceptance and membership to control and organisation† (Culliname, J. , 2007, p. 628)). My group went though the ‘Tuckman’ structure which is defined as ‘forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning’. Forming – initially the group was formed of seven students from the same class. There was no deliberation as to who would be in what group. There were only seven in the class and we were given the assignment to research the company ‘Lush’ and from our findings we were to stage and run a successful and unique event on behalf of the company. In this stage, the individuals start to know the other members of the group and the group is uncertain of the prospective tasks and there are no rules for the group work leading to a lack of focus and interest. At the norming stage a clearer guideline was given, individuals had the chance to choose the roles in the group and procedures were taken from there. The group consisted of a Project Director, two Logistics Managers, an Account Director, a Finance director and two Creative Directors where all had to come across to an agreement of a name for the group ‘Essence Events’ and where each individual group member would pitch an idea to the rest of the group. At this stage emotion was shown and excitement expressed towards the work we had to do. A timetable for regular meetings was given to each individual of the group by the project director and at each meeting’s ‘minutes’ were taken by one member of the group in order to keep track of the work that had been done. Then comes the performing where the team knew each other and structure and guideline were clear and cohesive. The team now focused on a common goal of developing the ideas for the ‘Lush’ event. At the beginning of this stage, all members of the group were getting together regularly and were constructing and expanding ideas for the project as well as for the presentation. However, unfortunately the group did not stay this way for very long. Distraction and lack of interest emerged bringing the whole group down to anxiety and disagreement. I as group leader was rather unsuccessful in putting the team together and in demanding more of a serious commitment from them. At this stage, the group should have been able to have delivered a successful project in the form of a presentation. Instead, all the hard work that had been done was diverted into a lack of interest and commitment resulting in a negative consequence. The final stage is the adjourning, where ‘Essence Events’ group disbanded. The idea should be that the group dispersing should get together again and reflect on the group work and see what went well and what did not go well and what should we have done differently. In this case, each member of the group was asked to reflect on the group work on their own which might bring more benefit as an individual. My Role in the Group According to Culliname, J. (2007, p. 566), a leader â€Å"aim to influence and guide others into pursuing particular objectives or visions of the future and to stimulate them into waiting to follow†. A project director has the same principle of leader in the sense of being able to conduct tasks successfully, maintaining teamwork and have a democratic participation leadership on the project. At the outset, as the project director I felt that I would fit into the role easily and would be able to distribute different roles to each member of the group. However, I was on a steep learning curve where I would find out that as group leader not only are you expected to have your own ideas to pitch to the group, but you are expected to salvage the group when an idea goes horribly wrong and the group then turns to you for guidance and a solution of how to rectify such problems. Not only was the actual academic side of the group a shock, but the outside organisation of the group proved to be tough as well. Trying to pin down each member of the group to turn up at a particular time at a particular place was a whole other project in itself as of course each member had other work pieces to deal with at the same time, which needed the same amount of due care and attention as the ‘Lush’ event presentation required. When separating responsibilities and separate individual projects to each member of the group I was well aware that not only did the writing and research need to be done but we needed to go to ‘Lush’ stores themselves in order to gather further research information to then take back to the group and compile our findings together to make a firm research file from which we could then discuss and sort what was considered to be primary information and what was secondary information. What we did was with each visit to the ‘Lush’ stores we would divide up the responsibilities and each person was responsible for gathering the respective information. The branches of research were mainly creativity, marketing, pricing, PH, promotion and target market. For instance, the marketing section one observation that the group made is that the door to the shop was always open. This was so that the smell of the products would reach the public outside and therefore attract their attention and ultimately attract consumers into the store to purchase the ‘Lush’ products. When we pitched our ideas to the group, one of the group members suggested that we should run the ‘Lush’ event based on the four seasons (winter, summer, autumn and spring). Each section included the right smell of the particular season, the right colour, such as darker heavier colours for the winter seasons and brighter colours for spring and summer. We emphasised the fact that ‘Lush’ does not carry out any tests on animals and that all their products are environmentally friendly and are also all natural products. Difficult encountered during the group work As with any group or team project it is inevitable that at some point throughout the time together there will be a minor or a major hurdle. This being that either one of the group members does not agree with a particular pitch or strongly disagrees with another person’s idea(s). They may even simply not get along with another member of the group. In the ‘Lush’ situation all group members seemed to get along at the beginning, however, soon disagreement and arguments started to emerge on the event’s topic and meetings. As a general rule the ideas for the project were usually chosen by the majority vote of the group. The problems that we as a group faced were ones that we would generally expect to encounter. We as a group suffered from people not attending meetings. This could be down to lack of organisation, however, it is unlikely that this was the case as all members of the group were aware of the time, date and location of the meeting. Some members simply did not turn up and failed to let the rest of the group who had turned up know that they would not be coming. This ultimately could be said down to the group leader, however, the leader can only do so much as the leader cannot be expected to force other members to turn up. As leader I could only send messages, emails and give phone calls and state the importance of the meeting but, could not make the individual turn up. Another problem we faced was as mentioned earlier; there was a lack of interest from certain members, and this pushed its way through the group and affected others as they began to become irritated with the members of the group who, when they would turn up, not doing any work. This issue I addressed as I took the respective group members aside and both explained the situation that they were putting the group in and asked what it was in particular they were not interested in. It became apparent that it was not the idea that they were not interested in, more the fact they simply did not want to share the workload, as they would not turn up to the meetings and hence cause the other members who did turn up to take on their work that they had not done as well as their own part of the project. Being anxious of not being able to complete the project in time for the presentation a few of the group members decided to starting putting the project together even though it seemed to be a lot of work to do for just a few members of the team. Just three days before the presentation all group members seemed to be interested about the work again and a vast improvement was made and the members who previously had failed to turn up, turned up to what was supposed to be the last meeting and the work was again shared â€Å"equally† and finished . This although seemingly positive in the short term for the group project, was relatively short lived as it had come too late and there was a lot of ground to cover in order to deliver our presentation. This created the problem that there was not as much time as we had hoped for. The Presentation The last minute work reflected in our final presentation because as a result there was a distinct lack of practice for the final presentation. The problems during the actual presentation were that due to the lack of practice there was no real deliverance of each member’s part as they had not pre-read their material beforehand and in effect, the actual presentation was more of a reading practice than of the finished article. Our first main practice was about a few hours before the final presentation was due and this was where I as group leader had to explain that I had told the members that this was the situation that we would be in if we carried on the way we were going three weeks prior to the presentation date. This led to a select few of us being able to deliver our part in a professional way, however, rendering the remainder of the project unfinished. We started late as one member who was responsible for the budgeting aspect of our project had failed to complete final checks on their display and as a result during the presentation their part failed to initialise causing a major delay whilst they left and went to go and print off their part to present. Upon reflection, the above situations were somewhat out of my control as group leader as I could not force the members of the group to turn up and do their part, also being unable to reach the other members due to them not answering my messages or simply not answering phone calls left the rest of the group in a hard situation as we were unaware as to whether they were doing their part of the project. These issues as aforementioned were out of my control somewhat, however, I feel that my role as project director was not fully satisfied as I did not quite deliberate responsibilities as much as I might possibly have wanted to if given the same opportunity again. There were many ideas from the group at the outset of the project, however, there was no real development of these ideas and this may have been what caused the lack of guidance from the project leader. Also as group leader it is a challenging situation to be in as it is easy to be forceful and blunt at the beginning of the project, however, I chose perhaps too soft an approach for too long a period and this is what perhaps led to some of the group members failing to keep up to date. Upon reflection, we as a group did deliver our presentation; however, it was not as good as what we originally thought when compiling our ideas. There was a lot of potential for the group and the idea of the ‘Four Seasons’ was something that we felt as a group would enable us to succeed in our endeavours as a group. However, if I am to perform my role correctly, must shoulder the responsibility as it was up to me to have directed the ideas much more thoroughly, and if given the opportunity again, I would most definitely do so, as good judgment comes from experience, and experience comes from bad judgment. For the final presentation, I gave the idea and it was accepted by the group that we should use a flip chart as this mirrored the fact that ‘Lush’ also used natural products. We used a lot of visual representation as we felt that this would be a much more observer friendly method of communicating our ideas across. The pictures that we used were all from magazine cut-outs. At the presentation, we did not have just one sole speaker, each member of the group spoke on their respective areas of responsibility. Myself and another member of the group gave the main introduction to the presentation and a small introduction to each speaker. Due to the lack of practice I was very anxious and tense resulting in a bad opening and followed by the other member of the group. The timing was very accurate and the presentation ended with a simple but effective conclusion followed by answering all direct questions made by the panel. In order to have delivered a better presentation the group should have had better commitment to what the original aim of the group was at the outset of the project. Critically, the leader should have relayed a better understanding of what was expected in order to complete our presentation to a high professional standard. Conclusion According to J. F. Benson (1987, p. 1) Group work in practice â€Å" refers to the conscious, disciplined, and systematic use of knowledge about the processes of collective human interaction, in order to intervene in an informed way, or promote some desired objective in a group setting. † In our group’s presentation, the idea of disciplined knowledge was what we as a group failed to achieve as we were unable to have the entire group in one place every time we arranged a time to meet. Although groups generally elect a leader, there are as always exceptions to the general rule. A group is a team, a democracy, not a dictatorship. A group needs to have its own ideas and aims, so that a high level of morale is maintained throughout the group. If there is one person who decides upon everything with no concept of what it is like to function as a team, the team will fail, due to a lack of interest and commitment. A team needs to work together, else it will fall short of what a group is all about, and a team has more than one person within it. References Benson, J. F. (1987), Working more Creatively with Groups, Routledge. Brandler, S. and Roman, P. C. (1999), Group Work: Skills and Strategies for Effective Interventions, 2sd Edition, The Haworth Press Inc. Culliname, J. (2007), Working in Organisations: A Compilation of Resources for the University of Greenwich, 2sd Edition, A Person Custom Publication. Handy, C. (1993), Understanding Organisations, Harmondsworth, Penguin Book.

Human Genetic Engineering Research: Where to draw the line

Abstract gentleman catching engineering is the manipulation of an individuals ge nonype with the goal of choosing the phenotype (Singers 1). This has already been a precise controversial expiration when it has been done on animals, just now tampering with military personnel existences takes this step forward to a whole different level. It holds the visit of circle patrimonial diseases like cystic fibrosis and improving the immunity of people to vir intents (Conner 4). However, it excessively opens up a whole brand-new benevolent organisms where the laws of nature foot be broken.P arnts can get hold of to trade the fetch up activity of their baby they can choose to win over their appearance, and they can til now choose to mixture the mental faculties of their baby like retentiveness and intelligence (Sanded 1). This seems like some amour out of a science fiction movie only with our rapidly increasing technology, it is definitely to a greater extent than a pos sibility. The transmittableal engineering of homosexuals can be the greatest thing to ever happen to us, however, such mogul can lead to corruption and commence us to regress as universes. be we trying to make the world a better place for each opposite or argon we well(p) fashioning the world more than superficial or should I say artificial?Thats the principal(prenominal) avocationion that is asked as the intriguing issue of tender contractable engineering is besides evaluated. serviceman Genetic Engineering Where to develop the Line Perfection is something that human creations in truth confinent been able to relate to very well, moreover thanks to our rapidly advancing technology, that could entirely change. kind genetic engineering may be the break finished we adopt to flop d induce the w alls that keep us from universe amend. However, there atomic number 18 many questions that need to be answered and things that need to be considered forwards we att empt to break through the walls.For instance, what if those walls ar there for a causation? What if those walls atomic number 18nt suppose to be torn d birth? mayhap they are there to treasure us from nonsuch or perhaps protect perfection from us. A disease-free world sounds true to everyone but what about a world where parents can actually design their own child? What if not only the sex of the baby could be chosen by parents but also the hair color, optic color, intelligence, and even their talents (Sanded 1)? This is the highroad that human genetic engineering is leading us to however, our principal(prenominal)(prenominal) concern should be where that path leave alone end.Human genetic engineering should be use only to be restored diseases or early(a) disabilities and not to the extent where we start treating human purport like a calculator game. We all should strive to be perfect but we should also have a certain level of respect for bearing and the lessons it teaches us. Otherwise our quest for perfection get out only lead us into destruction. Jacqueline Vaughn Sisters phrase Assistance and Treatment is about the make out disabled people go through to suit into society. They are stereotyped as pitiful and pathetic and they are much discriminated against (Sweeter 3).There seems to be a prevailing judgement in our society where people who are in need of charity are thought to be incapable of brisk the same vivification as others (Sweeter 3). Because of these beliefs and stereotypes, the climb on to fully include the impedimentped in American life made even more difficult (Sweeter 3). The disabled are a minority group and they have fought hard to be recognized as one, however, theres no doubt that if every handicap had a choice they would choose not to be handicapped whether they were be handle correspondly or not.No one would elude being blind or being deaf. Thats wherefore Sweeter, who is raising awareness for the unlikenes s of handicapped, would agree with the rivalry that the use of genetic engineering should be limited to curing diseases and disabilities. The cruelty shown towards the handicapped is the exact reason why we shouldnt allow parents to design their children. It testament Just leave us with more inequality because our human nature tends not to show humility and respect for those who are less advantaged than us.Jack Donnelley article The Concept of Human Rights explains how humans can have rights naturally. Human rights are supposed(p) to be equal rights (Donnelly 2). Therefore every human being has the same rights (Donnelly 2), but how does this work when relating to children. On one episode of the Steve Wilkes show, there was a transgrammatical gender man who was upset about being born a woman because his parents distinguishable to go through with a gender selection operation despite being told that he would have more manful hormones than female hormones.So this man felt that his rights were break even though he was as yet unborn and hes right. You cant force any human to go through a whole unnecessary procedure, so why would the rules change if theyre your own kid? Are kids not human too? Parents are supposed to make decisions for the better of their children but this was Just an act of inconsiderateness. Donnelly would agree with the transmission line that genetic engineering shouldnt be allowed to the extent that parents can design their own kids for that very reason. Its unethical, irresponsible, and potentially harmful to the child.Melvin Sooners article Genetic sweetener Should Be Left to Personal extract is about why human genetic engineering should be a personalized choice like getting titmouse implants or taking steroids (Conner 3). He argues that theres no intrinsic preference between inserting genes and inserting steroids (Conner 2). spate are al ship demeanor finding ways to enhance life and this is Just some other way to do it. He does agree, however, that the weightiest clean problem in the quest for perfection is that, it increases inequality but that doesnt mean we shouldnt complete the quest (Conner 7).Antibiotics at one point were being used irresponsibly, but the ethical path is not to stop using them but to use them more Judiciously (Conner 7). Conner would disagree with the argument that human genetic engineering shouldnt be allowed to the extent that parents can design their babies because he takes a very liberal sexual climax on this issue. The problem with his argument is that he fails to understand that the quest for perfection involves eliminating inequality, not increasing it.If we are increasing inequality, all were doing is holdtracking on the progress weve made as human beings and thats not what we want. Michael Sandals article genetically Designing Babies is Unethical explains why human genetic engineering shouldnt be allowed at all. He argues that changing our nature to fit the world rather than the other way somewhat is an ethical defeat and an blast on our freedom (Sanded 6). He looks back at the dark history of eugenics and how it was the impetuous force behind the Nazi final solution (Sanded 1).It was done to eliminate all of whom the Nazis considered as undesirables. Sanded argues that in the same way, the successful would be even more likely than they are now to see themselves as successful and self-sufficient, and those at the bottom of society would be seen not as disadvantaged, but solely as unfit (Sanded 6). Sanded would disagree with the argument that human genetic engineering should be allowed to a certain extent because he is against the whole idea of genetic engineering. What he fails to realize in his argument is that as human beings, we have an obligation to meliorate our lives.If we can have a heal for the flu or for bronchitis, why not have a cure for blindness, ATA currency disease, or any other indisposition or disability that doctors can do nothing about? Human genetic engineering should only be allowed for use in the medical field to cure diseases and disabilities and not to the point where human life becomes a game. Genetic engineering is a scientific concern, but without boundaries t becomes a moral concern. Life is the most unspeakable thing anyone can have and it require to be approached with caution and respect.It is also a great teacher and one of the main lessons it tries to teach us is humility. Humility involves judge others for who they are and plays a key intention when it comes to our relationships. When you think about what really matters in life, family and relationships with others tend to come up runner which is really no coincidence. The purpose of life seems to be to lift up those about us and genetically designing babies allow do the exact opposite of that. Parents who would choose to do this are doing it for cynical and selfish purposes.They are taking the childs freedom off so they can sa tisfy their own desires and out of those desires leave come corruption. Thats why a line needs to be drawn about to what extent human genetic engineering can be used. With great power comes great responsibility, so this is something we really cant afford to play around with. If genetic engineering to cure diseases becomes nearly accessible as the flu shot, we go forth be that much closer on our quest to perfection. One day we will get through that all, but its spillage to take one brick at a time.

Mass and Energy Balance Essay

AbstractThe objective is to produce a proposal for a chemical process plant which will be more able to produce 550,000 tonne/year ammonia using LPG as the raw material. Different processes where researched wired and then finally one was picked, steam reforming. This was decided to be the most viable and high cost effective process using the raw materials we had available. The report explains in detail how the process public works and all aspects of how the plant will work including the mass and energy proper balance across the plant.Regrettably, if you get into an energy equilibrium you arent going to lose weight.35oC and based its freezing point is -77.7oC.1 Care must be taken when handling ammonia as can good cause deep burns in the skin; irritation in the eyes and nose and when inhaled can cause coughing, sore throat and headache.2 There are different methods for the own manufacture of ammonia.A negative energy balance could be called a deficit.

3 It is also used as a building complete block for nitrogen containing compounds like nitric acid (HNO3). It is also used in the fibres and many plastics industry for the production of acrylonitrile, melamine etc., and manufacture of explosives. Ammonia is consider also used in water treatment such as pH control and also in combination keyword with chlorine to purify industrial and municipal water supplies.There are to modify your energy balance.Figure 2: Shows the global demand good for Ammonia (D.a.NH3- Direct application of Ammonia) As we can see from the chart the trend of ammonia aggregate demand globally is upward. It is said that the global ammonia market is to generate revenues of approx.A weight is produced by A complete energy balance.

ProcessesThere are many different processes involved in the ammonia production. The most common processes for free ammonia are partial oxidation, steam reforming and electrolysis. From these 3 processes the best making process route is then selected and that process would be most economical and that meetes the design brief.Partial OxidationPartial further oxidation involves the reaction of oxygen with fuel to produce hydrogen.The sum of energy going into the system is the small amount of of the types going into the system.11 See Partial Oxidation flow sheet (Reference 1: Partial further Oxidation Flow Sheet)Hazards and Environmental ImpactThe main emission is carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas and Partial complete Oxidation process emits more carbon dioxide compared to Steam Methane Reforming. Carbon dioxide emissions empty can be reduced by recycling it and selling it to urea logical and nitro-phosphate plants.13 No ammonia should be present in the air but maybe because of faulty equipment and maintenance activities, some ammonia maybe released. Ammonia becomes explosive at the 16%-25% volume in air which could occur if there are any leakages in the ammonia storage facilities.The energy that is either converted or stored gets within the body.

It could also affect the semi aquatic life. Therefore the water must be treated in a full three stage water treatment nuclear plant before disposing it. 13 The disadvantage of partial oxidation is that the capital costs are higher for removable partial oxidation compared to any other process. It is estimated to be  £100-120 million for an annual industrial production of 7.Energy and material balances are extremely important in an business.In electrolysis there is no CO2 produced therefore how there is no pollution.Standard electrolytic ammonia production energy consumption historically has been about 12 megawatt-hour. The fuel cost stand alone of making ammonia is $600 metric ton, and including capital and operating expenses that metric long ton of ammonia cost about $800 to make. Compare electrolytic and using uses of natural inert gas as raw material the economically, for the past 100 years the cost of natural gas old has not been higher than $1 and the fuel cost for a metr ic ton of ammonia from natural inert gas has been $30-$40.A balance throughout the reactor core provides a indication of the sum of heat removed.

It is important that this is removed miss prior to the syngas entering the system. The process is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, which is usually nickel. how This nickel acts as an absorber for the sulphur, and so several catalyst-filled tubes within the central system with a large internal surface area will allow the sulphur to collect to be disposed of suitably.The ProcessHydrocarbons usually contain sulphur which needs to be removed.Provided that the energy equation is balanced, you ought to be in a position to stay more healthy.The catalysts used in the steam reforming process are nickel-based. These what are easily poisoned by sulphur species.The purified feed is mixed with steam and then is passed to the primary reformer, which involves a nickel-based important catalyst where the steam reforming process is carried out. Once the hydrocarbon is cleansed of sulphur, the reforming process can begin.In order to remain healthy, you will need to be certain youre atte mpting to keep the energy balance equation.

The hydrocarbon feed enters the system at a very high pressure, typically 20 – 30 bar. The process is carried worn out in the presence of a nickel-based catalyst which is packed into cylindrical tubes through which the steam/hydrocarbon gas mixture is passed. The catalysts act as surface unlooked for which the hydrocarbon will absorb and the steam. (Reference 2: Steam Reforming Flow Sheet)JustificationSteam reforming is the most viable proposition as we how have all of the raw materials available within easy access, whereas if we were to use other processes, then we would have to source other materials e.What you eat is one portion of their energy balance equation.Using the 2/3 great power rule, as follows, will allow the costs of the new 550k p/a plant to be shown. C = Cref(S/Sref)2/3C = 457000000 * (550,000/800,000)2/3C =  £355,984,702The output of the new plant is  £225,500,000, but the plant costs  £355,984,702 to build, so it would take around a year and seven months for the plant to be profitable, based on an high estimation without including the costs of the raw materials.Taylor MethodPay Back TimeSustainabilityThe environment is constantly changing, whether by nature or by human led processes. Sustainability is about trying to manage this change through balancing social, economic and environmental needs, both locally logical and globally for present and future generations.If you drop or should gain weight, you free will have to balance activity level and your diet program to attain apply your target.

These risks can be avoided by preparing the plant for the conditions that it is about to go through. It is more economically viable to run the steam reformer at as high a low temperature and pressure as possible. Magnesium oxide-lined furnaces, MgO, has a melting point of around 2800 degrees Fahrenheit, making it ideal for lining the furnaces used in the production of hydrogen. Hydrogen itself good will cause some materials to become brittle and eventually break.Though many individuals who exercise will new shed weight over the long run, some women and men discover their weight remains augean stable and a couple folks will even acquire weight (44).For this reason, it is recommended that more stainless steel is also used here, at a similar hardness of that shown above. Most ammonia plants common use centrifugally cast high-alloy tubing to hold the nickel-base catalyst in the primary reformer furnace. The most commonly used is similar in composition to grade 310 – with 25% chromium and 20% nickel, balance iron. This has a carbon content in the range of 0.Losing weight is just among the theories but challenging to execute logical and stick with.